Frank, a geologist from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, spends his free time exploring the Serra Gaúcha range in search of undocumented caves known only to locals. He employs a methodical approach, engaging with residents to gather information about potential cave locations. Frank's interest lies in a peculiar type of cave formed at the intersection of rhyolite and basalt layers, the origins of which are still a mystery to him. In addition to these caves, Frank is also a leading expert on paleoburrows, ancient burrows created by extinct giant ground sloths and armadillos. Despite some unsuccessful expeditions, Frank's passion for speleology drives him to continue his search, contributing to the scientific understanding of the region's geological features.

The article explores the overlooked history of black soldiers in the Farroupilha Revolution in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and their betrayal by both the revolutionaries and the imperial government. It highlights the ongoing marginalization of Afro-Brazilians in the state, despite recent civil rights activism and affirmative action policies at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. The narrative underscores the need for proper acknowledgment of Afro-Brazilians' contributions to the region's history and society.

A severe winter storm has severely impacted Texas, causing widespread power outages and devastating the state's agricultural industry. Texas, a leading producer of cattle, cotton, dairy milk, and broiler chickens, has seen significant disruptions. Power outages have affected water treatment plants, leaving livestock without sufficient water. Processing plants have also been knocked offline, forcing farmers to dump milk due to a lack of transportation and processing options. Texas Agriculture Commissioner Sid Miller estimates the financial loss from dumped milk to be in the millions.

The US Citizenship Act of 2021, introduced by Senator Bob Menendez and Representative Linda Sánchez, aims to provide a path to citizenship for undocumented farmworkers, contingent on background checks and tax payments. The bill includes elements from the Fairness for Farm Workers Act of 2019, such as mandatory overtime wages for farmworkers. It also facilitates citizenship for the families of undocumented workers and shifts focus from border security to easing the transition to legal residency. Republican lawmakers oppose the bill, arguing it encourages illegal immigration and threatens American jobs, claims the article disputes.

The USDA released a forecast indicating that net farm income in the United States will decrease by 8.1 percent, or $9.8 billion, in 2021. This decline is attributed to a 45.3 percent reduction in government payments compared to the high levels in 2020 due to the pandemic, labor shortages, and trade wars. While some crop receipts, such as soybeans, corn, and wheat, are expected to rise, others like vegetables, fruits, nuts, and milk are forecasted to decrease. Despite a $20.4-billion increase in cash receipts, rising costs for fuel, fertilizer, labor, and feed, along with reduced government aid, are projected to lead to an overall decrease in net farm income, although it remains above the historical average.

Eastern Mennonite University delayed its move-in date and transitioned to online classes after four asymptomatic students tested positive for COVID-19. The decision reflects the broader challenges universities face in safely reopening during the pandemic, as seen with similar shifts at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill and University of Notre Dame. EMU's Crisis Management Team had prepared for such contingencies, and faculty and students expressed disappointment but recognized the necessity of the measures. The university's values of creativity, innovation, and resilience are being tested as they navigate the pandemic.

Biologists Ken Otter and Scott Ramsay observed a new song dialect in white-throated sparrows in Prince George, Canada, which omitted a note from their traditional 'Oh sweet Canada, Canada, Canada' song. Over two decades, they found this new variant spread eastward across Canada, with all western sparrows and half in Ontario adopting it by 2017. The study suggests the variant may have originated between 1960 and 2000 and spread through birds mingling in wintering grounds. The rapid spread challenges existing beliefs about birdsong learning periods. The preference for the new song could indicate a cultural shift among sparrows, akin to human fashion trends. The role of technology and citizen science is highlighted as crucial in detecting such wildlife trends.

A man in his 30s from Keezletown, Virginia, recounts his experience with COVID-19, highlighting initial misdiagnosis, frustration with healthcare protocols, and the eventual positive test result. He discusses the impact of the virus on his health, the response from the health department, and the broader societal and economic implications. The narrative underscores the need for social distancing while expressing concern over the economic fallout and the preparedness of the healthcare system. The community's support and the irrational fear from some individuals are also noted.

Shenandoah Valley Organic (SVO) is revitalizing the poultry industry in the Shenandoah Valley by contracting with farmers who own older barns that larger companies consider obsolete. Founded by Corwin Heatwole, SVO offers farmers more independence and profitability compared to conventional integrators. The company's growth has positively impacted local farmers, allowing them to avoid costly upgrades mandated by larger integrators and to continue generating revenue from their existing infrastructure. SVO's success is attributed to its business model, which includes processing its own organic chickens and offering better net earnings for growers. The company's approach supports the sustainability of generational family farms and has been well-received by the farming community.

Farmer sentiment in the United States has reached its lowest point in three years, according to Purdue University's Ag Economy Barometer. Factors such as Midwest flooding, lowered prices, product surpluses, and the ongoing trade war with China have significantly impacted farmers' outlook. The report highlights a decline in confidence regarding farmland value and financial stability. Despite initial support for the trade war, farmer backing is waning due to inadequate and uneven payouts. The study indicates that current sentiment is the lowest since October 2016.

The Rappahannock-Shenandoah-Warren Regional Jail has partnered with the McShin Foundation to implement a peer-based recovery program aimed at helping inmates with substance use disorders. The program, which began last fall, includes facilitated group sessions and a reentry component that supports participants after their release. Superintendent Russ Gilkison and project director Christopher Renquest emphasize the need for new approaches to address addiction, with early results showing promise. The initiative is partially funded by a grant from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, and advocates like John Shinholser call for its expansion to other facilities.

A new state law inspired by James Madison University's hiring of former Lt. Gov. Bill Bolling will take effect on July 1st, requiring a two-year wait between serving on a public university's board and working for it. Despite the law, JMU believes it will not affect Bolling's current position, citing the lawful execution of his contract. The university is seeking advice from the attorney general and remains pleased with Bolling's contributions. The legislation, introduced by Republican State Senator Mark Obenshain, aims to address conflicts of interest and has been signed by the governor.

Johonna Turner, a professor at EMU’s Center for Justice and Peacebuilding, has been named co-director of the Zehr Institute for Restorative Justice, succeeding Howard Zehr. Turner will co-lead with Carl Stauffer, focusing on organizational development, strategic partnerships, and amplifying the voices of young people of color in restorative justice. The institute aims to expand its reach and impact, including on EMU’s campus, with upcoming training sessions and continued academic contributions. Turner and Stauffer will also engage in a strategic visioning process to plan future programming.

The article explores the selective memory in the histories of Brazil and the United States, focusing on the cultural traditions of perpetrating and disremembering acts of racial violence. It recounts the betrayal and massacre of Black soldiers, known as the Black Ragamuffins, during the Ragamuffin War in Brazil, and parallels this with the forgotten history of Charlotte Harris, an African-American woman lynched in Harrisonburg, Virginia. The author reflects on the ongoing issues of racial inequality and the incomplete and biased recording of history in both countries, highlighting the need for a more honest and complete historical narrative.

Gramado, a small mountain town in southern Brazil, transforms into a Christmas wonderland starting in October with the Natal Luz festival, attracting millions of visitors and significantly boosting the local economy. The festival features elaborate shows, a nightly lighting ceremony, and a parade, creating a magical atmosphere that feels like a traditional Christmas translated into Portuguese. Key figures include Edson Erdmann, the artistic director, and Júlio Cézar Rodrigues, a beloved Santa Claus. Despite some local complaints about traffic, the festival is a major success, drawing tourists from across Brazil and neighboring countries.

A purple martin tagged with a geolocator provided the first detailed data on the species' migratory journey, leading to a decade of advancements in ornithological research. Technologies like geolocators, GPS tags, Motus, and the upcoming ICARUS initiative on the International Space Station have enabled scientists to gain a deeper understanding of songbird migration patterns and the factors affecting their survival. This research is crucial as half of North America's migratory songbird species are declining at alarming rates. The data gathered is rewriting textbooks and informing conservation strategies to protect these birds.

The article discusses the upcoming 6th annual World Bicycle Forum, which is set to take place in Mexico and is recognized as the largest global citizen cycling event. The forum is highlighted as a part of the burgeoning pro-cycling movement in Latin America, which notably started in response to a serious road rage incident in Porto Alegre, Brazil. The journalist has spoken with activists to gain insight into the changes and developments in pro-cycling efforts in Brazil and other Latin American countries.

Geologists in Brazil have discovered extensive paleoburrows, tunnels believed to be dug by extinct megafauna such as giant ground sloths and armadillos. These burrows, some stretching up to 3,000 feet, are found predominantly in southern Brazil. The findings challenge existing geological knowledge and raise questions about the behavior and capabilities of these ancient animals. Despite their size, the purpose of these burrows remains unclear, and dating them accurately is still a challenge. The research highlights the need for further study to understand the patterns and origins of these impressive structures.

The article discusses the complexities of avian taxonomy through the case of the Striolated Puffbird, which was proposed to be split into three distinct species by ornithologist Bret Whitney after he noticed vocal differences in the species across the Amazon. The South American Classification Committee (SACC) partially endorsed Whitney's proposal, creating a new species called Nystalus obamai but leaving two other populations as subspecies. The article highlights the challenges in defining species, the impact of technology on taxonomy, and the debates over naming conventions within the ornithological community. It also touches on the differences between taxonomic committees like the SACC and the International Ornithological Congress (IOC), particularly in their approach to hyphenation and orthography. The article underscores the ongoing nature of species classification and the certainty of future changes in the field.

Jimmy Carter Gonçalves, a 37-year-old teacher from Piratini, Brazil, named after the former U.S. president, is running for a city council seat. Despite Brazil's complex political landscape and economic challenges, Jimmy's campaign focuses on education and social issues. He is a member of the PMDB, a party with varying ideologies at different levels. Jimmy's local popularity and dedication to his community have earned him a seat on the city council, with future political aspirations in mind.

Andrew Jenner shares his experiences and reflections on raising a bilingual toddler in Brazil. He discusses the challenges and joys of his son Alex's language acquisition and cultural immersion, highlighting the mix of pride and grief he feels as his son becomes more integrated into Brazilian culture. Jenner also touches on his own struggles with language and cultural adaptation, and the unexpected lessons he learns about parenting and self-discovery.

An abandoned quarry in Itanhangá, Rio de Janeiro, has been transformed into a thriving organic farm by Anselmo, a former teacher turned farmer. Despite initial skepticism and significant challenges, Anselmo's farm, Orgânicos da Fátima, has become a successful venture, supplying fresh produce to restaurants, hotels, and farmers markets. The farm's success is a testament to urban agriculture's potential and has provided employment opportunities amidst Brazil's economic recession. The organic food sector in Brazil is growing, although it remains a small part of the market.

A young American couple living in Brazil navigates the challenges of the Zika virus outbreak while planning for a second child. Despite initial concerns and advice from medical professionals both in Brazil and the U.S., they decide to proceed with their plans, reassured by local medical opinions and the upcoming mosquito-free winter season. The article highlights the complexities of making personal decisions in the face of health risks and the differing perspectives on safety and risk management.

David and Liisa Wallace, former scuba business owners from England, have successfully transitioned to farming water buffalo in Patrick County, Virginia. Their journey involved overcoming numerous challenges, including learning to milk the buffalo and managing pasture grass that threatened pregnancies. Their primary goal is to produce buffalo mozzarella, a niche product in the U.S. market. After much trial and error, Liisa perfected the cheesemaking process, leading to successful sales at a local farmers market. The Wallaces' persistence and innovative approach have set them on a path to achieving their dream of a sustainable farm life.

American football is gaining popularity in Brazil, with over 120 teams playing across the country and leagues like the Liga Nacional de Futebol Americano expanding. The NFL has taken notice of the growing fanbase, considering initiatives such as fan viewing parties and possibly hosting the Pro Bowl in Brazil. Despite the sport's complexity and the learning curve for new players and fans, enthusiasm is high. Most Brazilian players start in their 20s, and teams often rely on online resources and American players for guidance. Cairo Santos, a Brazilian NFL player, is a source of pride, although he is a kicker, and it may take time before Brazilians break into other positions. The cultural exchange and the presence of Brazilian children growing up with the sport suggest a bright future for American football in Brazil.

American football is rapidly gaining popularity in Brazil, with a growing number of teams and fans. The sport, which was relatively unknown in the country until the early 2000s, now boasts over 120 teams and increasing viewership. The NFL has taken notice, considering initiatives to further engage Brazilian fans. Despite the sport's complexity and the steep learning curve for new players, enthusiasm is high, particularly among younger generations. The article highlights the challenges and progress of Brazilian teams, the influence of American players and coaches, and the potential for future growth in the sport.

The Atlantic Coast Pipeline, proposed by Dominion, has garnered significant support from landowners in Buckingham, Cumberland, and Prince Edward counties, with many seeing it as a potential driver for economic growth. Local leaders like Donnie Bryan and Wade Bartlett support the project for its promise of natural gas access and economic development. However, concerns remain among some residents about the environmental and personal impacts of the pipeline, with individuals like Peggy Bouchard actively opposing it. The project has sparked a mix of support and opposition, reflecting the complex balance between economic opportunity and environmental concerns.

The Keezletown Community Cannery in Virginia, one of the last remaining public canneries from the World War II era, continues to operate despite financial challenges. Managed by the Horizons Learning Foundation, the cannery offers industrial-grade canning equipment to the public for a small fee. Patrons like Fonda Nichols and Lise Metzger value the experience and the quality of home-canned food, even though it may be more expensive than store-bought alternatives. The cannery faces ongoing financial struggles and relies on donations and support to stay open, highlighting the importance of community and tradition in food preservation.

John Kempf, a young Amish farmer with only an eighth-grade education, has become a prominent figure in sustainable agriculture through his company, Advancing Eco Agriculture (AEA). Kempf's journey began with a quest to save his family's farm from pest and disease problems, leading him to develop a holistic approach to farming that emphasizes healthy soils and plant immune systems. His methods, which reject conventional chemical-drenched farming, have gained traction among farmers and scientists alike. Kempf aims to convert 10,000 conventional farmers to his regenerative agriculture model by 2016, advocating for a new mainstream in agronomy that prioritizes soil health and sustainable practices.

Modern Farmer imagines a World Cup of Farming, comparing the agricultural prowess of countries participating in the soccer World Cup. Brazil, the Netherlands, Spain, Portugal, the United States, Australia, Cameroon, and Honduras are evaluated based on their soccer rankings and farming outputs, such as coffee, sugar, soybeans, flowers, olive oil, wine, cork, wool, cocoa, and coffee. The article provides hypothetical rankings for each country's agricultural performance, with the United States receiving the highest farm ranking.

The article is a personal account of a family farmer who discusses the challenges and misconceptions of being labeled a factory farmer. The farmer details the history of their farm, the transition from teaching to full-time farming, and the involvement of family members in the farm's operations. The narrative highlights the economic realities of farming, the importance of having a sizable operation to survive, and the balance between traditional farming values and modern agricultural practices. The farmer also touches on the community's perception of farming and the necessity of tolerance for agricultural practices.

The article explores the legal implications and industry concerns surrounding the unauthorized use of milk crates, highlighting the significant financial losses faced by the dairy industry due to theft. It discusses various state laws, particularly in Pennsylvania and Virginia, that criminalize the misuse of milk crates. The International Dairy Foods Association (IDFA) estimates an $80 million annual loss from stolen crates and emphasizes the organized nature of such thefts. Efforts by the dairy industry and other affected businesses, including legislative measures in Maryland, aim to curb this issue. The article also touches on the environmental impact of personal misuse of milk crates and suggests purchasing new crates for legitimate use.