The article discusses the increasing use of music and sound apps to improve mental well-being, highlighting the emotional and physiological benefits of music. It mentions apps like Hear, which blends unwanted noise, and Mindscape, which provides music-based solutions for mental issues. The NHS listed app Cove is also featured as a mood journal that uses music. The author reflects on personal music streaming habits and the trend of curated playlists for mood regulation. The article also touches on the social aspect of music through events like sound baths and exercise trends that incorporate music, such as Morning Gloryville.

Environmental activists and indigenous communities in the Peruvian Amazon await the verdict in the Saweto murder case, which has become a test of impunity surrounding environmental crimes in Peru. The trial for the 2014 murders of indigenous Asháninka leaders Edwin Chota, Leoncio Quintisima, Jorge Ríos, and Francisco Pinedo is in its final stages, with a verdict expected on April 11. The accused, alleged illegal loggers Eurico Mapes Gómez and the Atachi Félix brothers, and timber businessmen José Estrada Huayta and Hugo Soria Flores, had been previously convicted with 28-year sentences, but the conviction was controversially overturned on a technicality. The case highlights the increasing violence against those defending the Amazon and the struggle for justice amid systemic challenges.

A report by Global Witness reveals the extensive corruption and fraud in Peru's timber industry, focusing on the 2015 Yacu Kallpa operation, which attempted to seize illegal timber. Despite initial success, the operation faced significant political and industry backlash, highlighting the challenges Peru faces in combating illegal logging. The investigation exposed how illegal timber is laundered into the legal market, with complicity from corrupt officials and companies. The case underscores the need for a strong commitment to tackling corruption and protecting the Amazon rainforest.

Rodrigo Tovar Pupo, alias 'Jorge 40,' a former commander of the AUC, received a 16-year sentence for drug trafficking in the US, potentially reducing his prison time to five years with good behavior. The case has sparked controversy over the US's role in prosecuting Colombian paramilitaries, with critics arguing that such leaders should face justice in Colombia for their human rights abuses. Despite the lenient sentence, Jorge 40 may face further legal challenges in Colombia, where he is accused of over 20,000 criminal acts.

The cost-of-living crisis in the UK is leading to increased consumption of processed foods due to their lower cost. A BBC Good Food survey indicated that 20% of Brits are eating more processed foods, and a report from The Lancet linked poor health outcomes to corporate influence on diets. Non-profit Bite Back reported a significant increase in fast food advertising, while the government delayed a ban on junk food ads. Supermarkets like Tesco, Aldi, and Lidl are taking steps to promote healthier options through price promotions and educational initiatives. Danone's James Mayer suggested taxing unhealthy foods to drive the industry towards healthier products. However, the current government is unlikely to impose such taxes, leaving consumers with limited healthy food choices within their budget.

At least 13 people died in a prison mutiny in Cadereyta prison, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, allegedly due to an attempted takeover by the Zetas. The riot involved inmates taking guards hostage and protesting against the prison director's alleged ties to the Zetas. Authorities intervened with police patrols and negotiations. The incident underscores the pervasive criminal control and corruption within Mexico's underfunded and overpopulated prison system, where organized crime groups like the Zetas exert significant influence.

Less than one percent of crimes in Mexico are punished, highlighting severe structural and institutional weaknesses. The Mexico Global Impunity Index by CESIJ at Universidad de Las Américas reveals that only 4.46 percent of recorded crimes result in convictions, and over 99 percent of crimes go unpunished when unreported crimes are considered. The report attributes Mexico's high impunity levels to political failures, weak and corrupt institutions, and organized crime. Recommendations include professionalizing institutions, improving transparency, and ensuring political independence, but these require resources and political will that are currently lacking.

Daniel Rendon Herrera, alias 'Don Mario,' will be tried as a criminal rather than a demobilized paramilitary following a court ruling. The judge from the Justice and Peace Tribunal determined that Don Mario's continued criminal activities post-2006 disqualified him from being tried under the demobilization law. Evidence included intercepted communications and documents linking him to the Gaitanistas, also known as the Gulf Clan or Urabeños. Don Mario, arrested in 2009, faces charges of aggravated criminal conspiracy in Colombia and may be extradited to the United States. The ruling underscores the transition from paramilitary groups to criminal bands in Colombia.

A report by the Spanish Institute for Strategic Studies warns Latin America about the potential threat posed by radical Islamic groups, emphasizing their criminal rather than ideological motives. The report traces the presence of groups like Hezbollah, Al-Qaeda, and ISIS in the region, highlighting their use of Latin America for financing, propaganda, and recruitment. Despite limited evidence of a significant threat, the report cautions against complacency, noting the region's relative safety due to its non-participation in the US-led 'war on terror' and lower levels of social exclusion among its Muslim population.

Eco-trafficking in Latin America has evolved into a billion-dollar trade managed by transnational organized crime networks, causing widespread corruption, violence, and environmental destruction. The illegal timber trade alone generates annual profits of $100 billion, while the global wildlife trade is worth $19 billion annually. The trade involves a complex chain of activities from sourcing to smuggling and selling, often intersecting with other forms of organized crime such as drug and arms trafficking. Corruption among officials and businesses facilitates the laundering of illegal products into the legal market, with significant demand from both domestic and international markets. Despite the severe impact, eco-trafficking operates with near-total impunity in the region.

Colombia's peace process with the FARC is threatened by a surge in cocaine production, despite significant US anti-narcotics aid. The 2016 peace agreement has led to a complex situation where coca cultivation has increased due to various economic and social factors. The Colombian government faces challenges in implementing its coca eradication strategy, with armed groups and mafias quickly filling the power vacuum left by the FARC. The government's promises to tackle the coca trade are ambitious but have so far fallen short, risking further conflict and undermining the peace process.

The article discusses the current wave of optimism in the UK, driven by improved financial confidence and a desire for new experiences. It explores whether brands should embrace this optimism or remain cautious. The author argues that brands have the right to be optimistic, as it aligns with their promise of better futures. Brands are encouraged to adopt a positive tone and create fantastical experiences, depending on their category. The article emphasizes the importance of optimism in marketing, especially during challenging times.

The arrest of Wilmer Alonso Carranza Bonilla, a special investigations agent wanted for extradition by the United States for alleged connections to the Valles drug clan, underscores the persistent failures in Honduras' police reform efforts. Despite millions spent on initiatives like polygraph tests and other evaluations, corruption remains deeply entrenched. The Directorate for Investigation and Evaluation of Police (DIECP) plans to create a new unit to identify and prosecute corrupt officers, but its success hinges on proper implementation, resources, and support from police leadership.

A violent cartel war in Baja California Sur highlights new strategies and alliances in Mexico's fragmented underworld. The Jalisco Cartel – New Generation (CJNG) and remnants of the Tijuana Cartel, now operating as the Tijuana Cartel – New Generation (CTNG), are targeting rivals linked to the Sinaloa Cartel to control local drug sales. The CJNG's expansion and the Tijuana Cartel's decline have led to this new alliance, while Los Dámaso, connected to the Sinaloa Cartel, face internal conflicts. The dynamic reflects a shift towards more autonomous and less loyal local criminal cells, complicating the landscape of Mexico's cartel wars.

A criminal network led by a former police officer, known as the 'Patrones de Ucayali,' exploited the forests of eastern Peru to supply national and international markets with illegal timber. Despite extensive investigations and arrests, the main leaders evaded capture, leaving only minor operatives to face charges. The network, involving loggers, transporters, and corrupt officials, used both real and falsified supply chains to launder illegal timber. The investigation revealed the involvement of major exporters like Bozovich SAC, who maintained plausible deniability through legal documentation. The case highlighted systemic corruption within Peru's forestry sector and the challenges in prosecuting high-level perpetrators. Despite initial setbacks, efforts to treat illegal logging as organized crime continue, though the top figures remain largely untouched.

The prison systems in Latin America and the Caribbean are in crisis, serving as incubators for organized crime due to overcrowding, deplorable conditions, and corruption. Hardline policies have exacerbated the problem, leading to the rise of various types of prison gangs that control criminal economies both inside and outside the prisons. The report highlights the need for comprehensive prison reform, improved conditions, and alternative sentencing to mitigate the influence of these gangs and improve citizen security and democratic governance in the region.

A Europol report highlights the challenges and low success rates in prosecuting money laundering cases in the EU, despite a significant increase in suspicious transaction reports. The report identifies the need for better data quality and improved information sharing between national and international agencies. It recommends broader data sharing practices and an intelligence-led approach to reporting. The analysis suggests that Latin American countries, despite having established anti-money laundering frameworks, face similar challenges due to resource constraints and weak institutions. Adopting Europol's recommendations could help improve their results.

Colombian authorities have dismantled a major gasoline smuggling network, arresting 28 members of the 'Los Coyotes' gang. The network smuggled cheap Venezuelan gasoline into Colombia using high-speed convoys. This crackdown coincides with the reopening of the Colombia-Venezuela border, which had been closed for nearly a year. The reopening aims to normalize border controls and facilitate legal trade, potentially impacting organized crime networks that have thrived on smuggling. The shift may lead to a resurgence of small-scale smuggling operations, known as 'smurfing,' as the border opens up.

Authorities in Colombia have dismantled the largest wildlife trafficking ring in the country's history, known as Los Pajareros. The operation led to the arrest of eight individuals and the recovery of 83 animals. The investigation revealed the network's methods, including sourcing animals from rural areas, sedating them, and using mules or postal services for transportation. The case highlights the significant domestic and international markets for trafficked wildlife and the challenges faced by law enforcement in combating this transnational crime.

El Salvador has conducted its largest operation against anti-gang death squads, arresting police and army officials along with civilians. The network, accused of numerous murders and robberies, was allegedly financed by individuals in the United States. This crackdown marks a significant shift in the state's approach to combating these militias, which have previously operated with little interference. The death squads, involved in both vigilantism and criminal activities, highlight the dangers of such groups undermining the rule of law and causing innocent casualties.

Brands should use sound strategically to alleviate stress during economic downturns. Research shows natural sounds reduce stress, while loud environments increase it. Amber Case's Calm Technology advocates for non-intrusive design. Google’s Little Signals uses subtle notifications, and LG’s Breeze headphones promote sleep using neuroscience. Legal & General, with MassiveMusic and Goldsmiths University, created a sonic brand to improve wellbeing. Effective sound design can enhance customer experience and brand loyalty.

Brands are increasingly turning to AI and technological advancements to navigate crises, especially in light of numerous public scandals involving fashion brands and social media personalities. AI, particularly through social listening, helps brands identify and respond to crises early by tracking online conversations and media mentions. Effective crisis management involves understanding the origins of a crisis, communicating thoughtfully, and monitoring audience reception. Post-crisis, brands must decide whether to restore or reinvent their image, with a deep understanding of consumer sentiment being crucial for success. Despite the importance of branding, many organizations still underutilize brand reputation metrics.

Federico Russo, Clinical Director of Serenis, discusses the challenges and strategies for making mental health care more accessible in Italy. Serenis, founded in 2021 by Silvia Wang and Daniele Francescon, aims to normalize therapy by addressing cultural and social barriers. The company offers online therapy services and has launched an OOH campaign to raise awareness. Serenis differentiates itself by ensuring quality service and supporting both patients and therapists through a technology platform. The article highlights the increasing need for therapy due to societal discontent and the impact of the global pandemic.

The article contrasts the author's father's content, routine life with the modern era of discontent marked by constant stimulation and socio-economic volatility. It discusses generational differences, with millennials seeking constant highs and Gen Z grappling with global crises. The piece argues that individual mindfulness and rejecting rigid societal norms can lead to broader systemic change, ultimately fostering a new age of contentment.

The article explores the importance of confronting uncomfortable truths to move beyond the 'Age of Discontent.' It highlights the impact of exhibitions by Gabriel Moses and Richard Mosse, emphasizing the need for individuals and business leaders to acknowledge their roles in creating discomfort and to commit to systemic change. By embracing discomfort and prioritizing accountability and collaboration, the article argues that society can transition from mere survival to thriving, fostering growth, innovation, and collective well-being.

The article explores the concept of happiness, highlighting its increasing interest globally through various initiatives and academic research. Despite the widespread focus on happiness, the world faces numerous challenges such as financial crises, natural disasters, and pandemics, which impact individual well-being. The author emphasizes the importance of personal responsibility in achieving happiness through habits like optimizing health, building meaningful connections, practicing spirituality, being generous, and finding purpose. The article suggests that happiness should be an internal effort rather than relying on external circumstances.

The article discusses the importance of music and sound in fostering optimism during challenging times, such as the mental health crisis exacerbated by Covid-19 and economic pressures. Brands have the opportunity to influence well-being through their campaigns, as seen with Uncommon's Yellow Sticker Cookbook, Adidas's motivational campaign for runners, and Heineken's 'Refresh Your Nights' concerts in Asia. Strategic music choices in advertising can significantly increase happiness, highlighting the role of sound in improving daily life amidst the noise of the modern world.

Environmental activists and indigenous communities in the Amazon await a verdict in the retrial of the 2014 Saweto murders, involving the killing of four Asháninka leaders by alleged illegal loggers and timber businessmen. The case has become emblematic of the struggle against environmental crime in Peru, highlighting the dangers faced by those defending the Amazon. Despite initial convictions being overturned, the retrial has seen new evidence and testimonies, raising hopes for justice. The outcome is seen as crucial for setting a precedent in combating impunity for environmental crimes.

A raid in Asunción, Paraguay, uncovered a large cache of high-powered weapons, leading officials to detail the country's arms trafficking operations. Luis Rojas, head of Paraguay’s anti-narcotics forces, identified Bolivia, Argentina, and the United States as primary sources of illegal arms. Corrupt public officials are deeply involved in the trade, with stolen military and police weapons being a significant source. The dynamics of arms trafficking in Paraguay mirror those in other Latin American countries, where corrupt security forces facilitate the trade.

Major cocaine seizures in Spain, Portugal, and Ecuador highlight the evolving European cocaine pipeline central to Colombian drug traffickers' operations. Spanish and Portuguese police seized 745 kilograms of cocaine, arresting nine individuals, including Colombian nationals. In Ecuador, 1.45 metric tons of cocaine destined for Belgium were confiscated. Colombian networks are increasingly targeting European markets due to higher profits and lower risks compared to the U.S. The seizures underscore the significant routes and growing involvement of Colombian traffickers in European distribution, posing questions about their future roles in the drug supply chain.

The Ecuadorean province of Esmeraldas, bordering Colombia, remains a hotspot for drug trafficking and violence despite military efforts. The region has seen brutal murders and displacement due to conflicts between rival drug trafficking groups, notably the Oliver Sinisterra Front (FOS) and factions led by ex-FARC fighters. The violence, which escalated in 2018, has led to significant military responses from both Ecuador and Colombia, resulting in numerous arrests and the death of FOS leader Walter Patricio Arizala. The ongoing conflict continues to instill fear among local residents.

In Medellín, Colombia, the city celebrated as the national soccer team advanced to the World Cup second round, setting up a match against England. Colombians are optimistic despite concerns over star player James Rodríguez's injury and captain Radamel Falcao's form. The World Cup offers Colombia a chance to present a positive image beyond its drug and violence issues. The country is currently divided following a peace deal and a contentious presidential election, but the World Cup provides a temporary unifying effect.

New allegations of corruption and impunity have emerged against Honduras President Juan Orlando Hernández and his administration, casting doubt on his second term. The accusations involve high-ranking police officials colluding with drug traffickers and a new law undermining anti-corruption efforts. These developments challenge the credibility of Hernández's previous successes in reducing crime and corruption, raising concerns about the future stability and integrity of Honduras' institutions.

Major cocaine seizures in Spain, Portugal, and Ecuador have highlighted the European cocaine pipeline utilized by Colombian drug traffickers. In Spain and Portugal, 745 kilograms of cocaine were seized from a network led by Colombian nationals, who imported the drug in containers from Panama to Portugal, including 355 kilograms hidden in pineapples. In Ecuador, 1.45 metric tons of cocaine were found in a container of frozen fish destined for Belgium, with some packages marked with images of Russian President Vladimir Putin. These incidents underscore the shift of Colombian traffickers towards the European market, where they face less risk and can potentially earn higher profits. The recent operations in Spain suggest Colombian networks may be attempting to move further up the drug supply chain by distributing within Europe, rather than just importing.

In the western Colombian state of Choco, seven armed men from the National Liberation Army (ELN) attacked the hamlet of Carra on March 25, resulting in the deaths of five people from the same family. The incident led to the abandonment of all 15 houses in the hamlet, highlighting the ongoing violence and challenges in achieving peace with the ELN.

Colombia's government faces a critical deadline to pass legislation implementing the FARC peace agreement, with the fast track regime set to expire soon. Despite efforts to expedite the process, progress has been slow, with key laws still pending. The failure to pass these laws could destabilize the peace process, leaving the FARC vulnerable and potentially reigniting conflict. The situation also threatens the peace process with the ELN, as the credibility of government promises is at stake. The government hopes to extend the fast track deadline, but political opposition and upcoming elections complicate the legislative landscape.

The US House of Representatives passed the Criminal Alien Gang Member Removal Act, which allows the Department of Homeland Security to target suspected gang members for deportation. The bill, supported by President Trump and ICE, faces criticism for potential racial profiling and reliance on flawed gang databases. It could lead to the deportation of immigrants not affiliated with gangs, lacking proper due process. The focus on MS13 also raises concerns about racial profiling. The bill now moves to the Senate, where it is expected to encounter more opposition.

Norbert Reinhart, a Canadian citizen living in Colombia, has been trapped in pretrial detention for over three years without a conviction, highlighting the issue of prison overcrowding and legal limbo in Colombia. Despite a legal reform aimed at reducing pretrial detention, Reinhart's experience reveals a gap between law and its application. Colombia's prisons are at 154 percent capacity, with a third of inmates awaiting trial. Reinhart's case illustrates the slow pace and challenges of the Colombian justice system, as he and his daughter Molly navigate the process, facing delays and setbacks. The article underscores the broader implications of pretrial detention, including exposure to violence, organized crime, and deteriorating mental and physical health.

Buriticá, a town in northern Colombia, experienced a gold rush that transformed it into a hub of illegal mining, crime, and violence. The Colombian government launched Operation Creta in 2016 to dismantle the illegal mining operations, resulting in significant seizures and arrests. However, the town remains affected by the legacy of the gold rush, with ongoing illegal mining activities and the presence of the Urabeños, Colombia's most powerful criminal network. The multinational company Continental Gold, implicated in the illegal activities, faces local disillusionment and corruption scandals. Despite efforts to formalize mining, the town's future remains uncertain, overshadowed by crime and economic challenges.

Buriticá, a town in northern Colombia, experienced a gold rush that transformed it into a hub of illegal mining and criminal activity. The largest anti-mining operation in Colombia's history, Operation Creta, aimed to dismantle these activities, resulting in significant seizures and arrests. However, the town remains deeply affected, with ongoing illegal mining and the presence of powerful criminal groups like the Urabeños. The local community is disillusioned with Continental Gold, the company involved, and its attempts to improve its image have been marred by corruption scandals. The future of Buriticá is uncertain, with mining remaining the primary economic activity despite its associated challenges.

Monitoring groups report a rise in mass displacements in Colombia in 2017 despite the end of the conflict with FARC guerrillas. The Human Rights and Displacement Consultancy (CODHES) attributes this to emerging underworld dynamics, with 61 mass displacements affecting 9,902 people. Key drug trafficking territories like Chocó, Antioquia, and Nariño are the worst affected. Paramilitary successor groups (BACRIM), combat between armed groups, and threats are major causes. The demobilization of FARC has led to other groups like ELN and Urabeños vying for control, resulting in new conflicts. Despite a general decline in overall displacement, mass displacement incidents have increased, highlighting the complex dynamics of Colombia's new underworld.

Colombia's FARC guerrillas are nearing the completion of their demobilization, but reports indicate that dissident factions are forming criminal cells involved in drug trafficking, arms theft, forced recruitment, and extortion. Key regions such as Meta, Caquetá, and Guaviare have become hubs for these activities. Recent seizures and captures highlight the dissidents' control over drug trafficking corridors and their possession of significant weaponry. The evolving structure of these networks suggests a shift towards smaller, decentralized groups with diversified criminal interests. The future interactions between these ex-FARC cells and other elements of the Colombian underworld, including the National Liberation Army and the Urabeños, remain uncertain.

Colombia's FARC guerrillas are nearing the completion of their demobilization, but reports indicate that dissident factions are forming new criminal networks involved in drug trafficking, arms theft, and forced recruitment. Key regions such as Meta, Caquetá, and Guaviare have become hubs for these activities. Recent seizures and arrests highlight the dissidents' control over drug trafficking corridors and their involvement in extortion. The evolving structure of these networks suggests a shift towards smaller, decentralized groups with diversified criminal interests. The future interactions between these ex-FARC cells and other criminal organizations like the National Liberation Army and the Urabeños remain uncertain, with potential for cooperation, confrontation, or absorption.

US Attorney General Jeff Sessions visited El Salvador to discuss regional anti-gang operations, focusing on the MS13 gang. The visit aligns with US President Donald Trump's tough stance on gangs and immigration, which he reiterated in a speech linking MS13 to recent violence in New York. A new report reveals that while crime and gang violence are major concerns for Salvadorans, many support extreme measures like torture and extrajudicial killings. The article argues that the hardline tactics of both governments may be politically expedient but are likely ineffective and counter-productive in the long term.

Colombian engineers are suspected of establishing a coca plantation in Honduras, potentially importing the drug production business and associated problems to Central America. The plantation, discovered by Honduran authorities, includes coca plants, a nursery, and a processing lab. No arrests have been made, but investigations are ongoing. The move by Colombian criminals to Honduras is seen as a strategic long-term investment, taking advantage of the country's lack of eradication teams, monitoring capabilities, and legal restrictions on precursor chemicals. Honduras' proximity to the U.S. market and corruptible institutions present an attractive opportunity for drug production. However, the scale of production and impact may be limited compared to Colombia's history with coca cultivation, which led to extreme violence and institutional corruption. The situation serves as a warning for Honduras, which already faces poverty, insecurity, and corruption.

Colombia faces legal challenges in separating drug traffickers from demobilizing FARC guerrillas. Convicted trafficker Gildardo Rodríguez Herrera was removed from the FARC list, while guerrilla Julio Enrique Lemos, wanted in the U.S., was released. The cases underscore the complexity of disentangling the drug trade from the conflict and the potential for undermining the peace process. Former President Álvaro Uribe, an opponent of the peace process, may use such cases to attack the transitional justice process. President Juan Manuel Santos is pushing through decrees to advance the peace process, including one to suspend arrest warrants for guerrillas until processed by the transitional justice system.

A US Government Accountability Office report reveals that lesser-used drug trafficking methods like tunnels, ultralight aircraft, and maritime vessels are in decline and account for a small percentage of total smuggling. The report undermines claims that a border wall will significantly reduce drug flow into the US, highlighting that most drugs enter through official points of entry. The report suggests improving detection technology, inter-agency coordination, and intelligence gathering as more effective measures than a physical barrier.

A US Government Accountability Office report reveals that lesser-used drug smuggling methods such as tunnels, ultralight aircraft, and maritime vessels are in decline and account for a small percentage of total smuggling incidents. The report undermines the logic behind President Donald Trump's border wall proposal, highlighting that most drugs enter the US through official points of entry. The report suggests improving detection technology, interagency coordination, and intelligence gathering as more effective solutions than a physical barrier.

Colombia's peace process with the FARC is threatened by a booming cocaine trade, despite significant US anti-narcotics aid. The 2016 peace agreement has led to a surge in coca cultivation, driven by economic factors and the suspension of aerial fumigation. The Colombian government faces challenges in implementing crop substitution programs and securing former FARC territories, while armed groups and mafias quickly fill the power vacuum. The government's ambitious eradication goals for 2017 are met with skepticism, and the success of the peace process hinges on effectively addressing the coca trade.

Donald Trump's new executive order targeting organized crime and drug cartels is criticized for lacking substance behind its tough rhetoric. The order outlines general plans to review and improve law enforcement practices without offering new strategies. Trump's impact on international cooperation, particularly with Mexico, is seen as detrimental, potentially straining relations and undermining security operations in Latin America. The article suggests that Trump's approach could harm the bilateral relations essential to combating transnational organized crime.

Activists in Mexico have created the 'Corruptionary,' a satirical dictionary that highlights the pervasive nature of corruption in Mexican society. Developed by the anti-corruption organization Opciona, the book provides colorful definitions of terms related to graft and crime, aiming to challenge the normalization of these issues. The Corruptionary includes entries that criticize state institutions, public figures, and social attitudes, reflecting the deep-seated corruption and violence in Mexico. The project underscores the extent to which criminality has become ingrained in the culture, serving as a stark commentary on the health of Mexican society.

Cocaine use and availability in the United States have increased for the first time in nearly a decade, driven by a surge in production in Colombia, as reported by the DEA. Seizures and overdose deaths have risen, with Colombian cocaine dominating the US market. Mexican cartels control most trafficking into the US, with Colombian and Dominican networks also involved. The DEA anticipates further increases in cocaine trafficking due to the recent spike in Colombian production. The situation may be exacerbated by the demobilization of the FARC and the challenges Colombia faces in implementing crop substitution programs.

Cocaine use and availability in the United States have increased for the first time in nearly a decade, driven by a surge in production in Colombia, as reported by the DEA. Seizures and overdose deaths have risen, with Colombian cocaine dominating the US market. Mexican cartels control most trafficking into the US, with routes through Central America. The DEA also notes the emergence of cocaine mixed with fentanyl. The increase in cocaine trafficking is expected to continue, with the DEA warning of potential increases in seizures, new users, and related deaths. The situation in Colombia, especially post-FARC demobilization and peace accords, is critical to the future of cocaine production and trafficking.

An analysis of 15 years of homicide statistics in Cali, Colombia, reveals a direct correlation between underworld evolutions and violence. The investigation highlights peaks of violence linked to organized crime events, such as the war between factions of the Norte del Valle Cartel and the subsequent rise of the Rastrojos and Machos. The dismantling of powerful cartels led to fragmentation and increased local conflicts, with smaller groups focusing on microtrafficking and extortion, resulting in violent territorial disputes.

Mexico's Foreign Minister Claudia Ruiz Massieu has attributed the influx of illegal weapons in Mexico to the United States' lax gun control laws. She highlighted that 70% of weapons seized in Mexico are traced back to the US, with 60% manufactured there. Ruiz Massieu criticized the ease of purchasing guns in the US and the lifting of restrictions on high caliber assault weapons, which she believes gives criminal organizations significant firepower, posing a binational challenge. Despite this, she commended President Obama for his attempts to enforce stricter gun control measures and mentioned the ongoing bilateral efforts to improve cooperation and information exchange to tackle the arms trade.

Ecuador has become a significant transit hub for illegal gold from Peru, exported to the United States. The operations of two gold exporters, Clearprocess and Spartan, were exposed by El Comercio, revealing the use of emissaries to deal with Peruvian smugglers and falsified documents to conceal the gold's origins. The companies became Ecuador's main gold exporters, with US-based companies like Republic Metals Corporation, Kaloti Metals and Logistics, and Mvp Imports as their primary customers. Following a crackdown on gold trafficking in Peru, illegal gold is now being smuggled into Ecuador, creating a discrepancy between the country's mined and exported gold. RMC has responded to the article, stating they have ceased business with aggregators to prevent money laundering and now only deal with single source mining entities.

The UNODC's 2016 World Drug Report suggests a decline in the global cocaine market, with significant reductions in coca cultivation and cocaine consumption in North America and Europe. However, emerging markets in Asia and Oceania show rapid growth in cocaine seizures and consumption. Despite regional variances, global consumption levels have remained stable, translating to an increase in the number of users due to population growth. The report theorizes that shifting market patterns and changing user habits contribute to this paradox. Latin American organized crime, heavily reliant on cocaine trafficking, may face revenue impacts, but rising production in Colombia and expanding markets in Australia, China, and Israel could offset this. The adaptability of organized crime networks ensures they continue to exploit new opportunities.

The International Narcotics Control Board's 2015 report highlights a correlation between drug trafficking, drug use, and criminal violence in Latin America. Drug trafficking poses a major security threat, contributing to increased local drug use and violence as criminal groups vie for control of local markets. The report notes a rise in drug abuse in South America and links it to conflicts between crime groups. The INCB also observes that traffickers often pay for services with drugs, which are then sold in local markets, contributing to the rise of local drug markets and associated violence. UN statistics show increases in marijuana, cocaine, and opiate use in the Americas since 2012. InSight Crime's analysis confirms the trend of growing drug abuse along trafficking routes leading to rising violence, with traffickers paying for local services with drugs and the fragmentation of criminal organizations leading to more localized factions focusing on local drug sales.

A study by the Center for Impunity and Justice Studies at Universidad de Las Américas reveals that less than one percent of crimes in Mexico result in convictions. Factoring in the low crime reporting rate, over 99 percent of crimes go unpunished. Mexico ranks as the second worst for impunity globally, after the Philippines, and the worst in the Americas. The study attributes high impunity to political interference, weak and corrupt institutions, and organized crime. Recommendations include professionalizing institutions, improving transparency, and fostering inter-institution cooperation.

Colombia's capture of Carlos Arturo Hernández Ossa, known as 'Duncan,' was announced as the takedown of the 'last great capo' of Medellin's Oficina de Envigado. However, the Oficina has evolved from a monolithic organization into a federation of criminal businesses. The extradition of Diego Murillo, 'Don Berna,' and subsequent power struggles fragmented the Oficina, leading to a war of succession and a restructuring of its hierarchy. The Oficina now operates as a coalition, providing services like debt collection and money laundering to drug traffickers. Despite the changes, the Oficina remains a significant force in the Colombian underworld, with factions like Los Chatas, led by 'Tom,' rising in prominence and forming alliances with groups like the Urabeños and the Sinaloa Cartel.

Nearly 70 percent of murder victims in El Salvador from 2014 to mid-September 2015 had no connection to gangs, challenging the official narrative that violence primarily affects criminals. The police study revealed that only 32 percent of the 8,150 murder victims had links to gangs like MS13 and Barrio 18. Over 80 percent of the murders were committed with firearms, and nearly 54 percent occurred in rural areas. The motives behind most killings remain unknown, but confrontations between gangs and police and robberies are the most common known reasons. The findings contradict earlier police statements that most murder victims and perpetrators are gang-affiliated, suggesting that civilian populations are significantly affected by the violence.

A study by Vanderbilt University's Latin American Public Opinion Project reveals high support for vigilante justice in several Latin American countries, linked to distrust in corrupt and inefficient state institutions. The Dominican Republic, Paraguay, and Peru show the highest support, with the United States also ranking unexpectedly high. Demographic factors such as age and skin tone influence support for vigilantism, while women and educated individuals are less likely to approve. The analysis underscores the need for stronger, accountable state institutions to address security issues rather than extralegal actions.

Scientists affiliated with the World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer have reported that glyphosate, a chemical used in aerial eradication of coca crops in Colombia, is likely carcinogenic. This finding, which indicates DNA and chromosomal damage in cells and a correlation with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, challenges the Colombian government's controversial eradication policy. Monsanto, the agrochemical manufacturer, disputes the findings. Aerial fumigation has been criticized for harming legal crops, health, and the environment. Colombia, which sprayed 47,053 hectares in 2013, has faced calls for policy reevaluation and legal actions, including a settlement with Ecuador over border spraying damages.

Video footage reveals vigilante leader Luis Antonio Torres Gonzalez, alias 'El Americano,' meeting with Knights Templar leader Servando Gomez, alias 'La Tuta,' in Michoacan, Mexico, raising concerns about the criminalization of self-defense militias. The video, dating back to late 2013, shows El Americano during his time as a militia leader in Buenavista Tomatlan. Unconfirmed reports suggest the meeting followed a territorial dispute involving Los Viagras and the Jalisco Cartel – New Generation (CJNG). El Americano has faced accusations of using his militia as a cover for criminal activities and being part of a new criminal organization, La Tercera Hermandad (H3), which includes elements from various cartels and militias.

Gangs in El Salvador, particularly the 'mara' gangs like Barrio 18 and Mara Salvatrucha, are infiltrating the country's security forces to steal weapons and gather intelligence. This infiltration is likened to the Trojan Horse tactic from Greek mythology. Over the past five years, numerous officials with gang ties have been identified, raising concerns about the effectiveness of current safeguards. The infiltration complicates investigations and poses significant risks, including the smuggling of arms and the potential for corruption and coercion within the security forces. The article highlights the challenges faced by institutions like the National Public Security Academy and the Defense Ministry in identifying and expelling gang-affiliated members.

Residents of Buenaventura are trapped in a violent conflict between criminal organizations La Empresa and the Urabeños, who are fighting for control over the city's strategic cocaine trafficking routes. The violence has led to mass graves, dismemberment, and widespread fear among the population. The conflict is fueled by the recruitment of local youths by drug traffickers, exacerbating the city's dire poverty and lack of state presence. Despite efforts by security forces, the core drug trafficking business remains unaffected, and the violence continues to rage, with both groups struggling to maintain control.

Colombian authorities are seizing assets linked to a fraud ring that embezzled over $1 billion from tax authorities, highlighting the significant revenues generated by white-collar financial crimes. The investigation has implicated 59 individuals, including key associate Sandra Liliana Rojas and ring leader Blahca Jazmin Becerra, who was sentenced to 26 years in prison. The Prosecutor General’s Office is targeting properties worth over $25 million for further seizures. The case underscores the role of insider corruption in facilitating large-scale financial fraud in Colombia.

Brazil faces calls for the demilitarization of its Military Police, a legacy of the dictatorship era, due to recent violence against demonstrators and journalists. The debate centers on logistical and ideological issues, with critics arguing that the military approach to policing is inappropriate for civilian law enforcement. Constitutional amendments are being considered to unify the Civil and Military Police, a move supported by some police associations. International organizations like the UN and Amnesty International have condemned the Military Police for human rights abuses, including extrajudicial killings and involvement in death squads.

The article discusses the growing doubts among FARC members about the Colombian government's commitment to the peace accord, as demobilization zones face significant delays and logistical challenges. Despite the arrival of 7,000 guerrillas, the disarmament process has not started, leading to fears that the government will not fulfill its promises. The situation is exacerbated by rural poverty, lack of infrastructure, and ongoing violence against social leaders. The article highlights the risk of new conflicts and the potential for FARC splinter groups to emerge, as well as the importance of the FARC's transition to a political movement for the long-term success of the peace process.

The article discusses the growing doubts among FARC members regarding the Colombian government's commitment to the peace accord, as demobilization zones remain underdeveloped. Despite the arrival of 7,000 guerrillas, the disarmament process has stalled, raising concerns about the government's ability to fulfill its promises. The situation is exacerbated by rural poverty, lack of infrastructure, and ongoing violence against social leaders. The article highlights the risk of new conflicts and the potential undermining of peace talks with the National Liberation Army (ELN). Local communities and FARC members stress the importance of collective efforts to build peace.

New US President Donald Trump has ordered the construction of a border wall, blaming Mexican immigrants for various social ills, particularly organized crime. This rhetoric is part of a broader regional trend where leaders like Argentina's Patricia Bullrich and Venezuela's Nicolas Maduro also blame immigrants for crime and instability. The article argues that while transnational organized crime does involve foreign elements, the simplistic blaming of immigrants distracts from more complex issues like weak state institutions and corruption. It criticizes the anti-immigrant rhetoric for undermining transnational security cooperation and stigmatizing marginalized groups.

New US President Donald Trump has ordered the construction of a border wall to keep out what he labels as criminals from Mexico, reflecting a regional trend where leaders blame organized crime on immigrants. Similar rhetoric is seen in Argentina and Venezuela, where leaders like Patricia Bullrich and Nicolas Maduro blame foreigners for internal security issues. The article argues that while transnational organized crime does involve foreign elements, the simplistic solutions proposed by these leaders are unlikely to address the root causes, which include weak state institutions and high levels of corruption. The use of anti-immigrant rhetoric is seen as a tactic to rally support and distract from domestic failings.

Colombia's prison system mirrors the country's prolonged conflicts, with paramilitaries, guerrillas, and drug traffickers vying for control. The notorious 2001 battle at La Modelo prison exemplifies the violent power struggles within these facilities. Despite numerous reform attempts, corruption and overcrowding persist, allowing criminal organizations to thrive. The demobilization of the AUC and the peace deal with the FARC have altered the dynamics, but the prison system remains plagued by structural issues. The rise of the BACRIM and ongoing corruption continue to challenge efforts to break the ties between organized crime and the prison system.

Colombian authorities have seized over 1,800 cows smuggled from Venezuela, highlighting a thriving contraband sector amid Venezuela's economic crisis. Despite a general decline in contraband due to shortages, cattle smuggling remains profitable due to significant price differentials. Organized crime, including Colombian guerrilla groups like the National Liberation Army (ELN), are heavily involved, with the ELN providing escort services for a fee. The Colombian Ranchers Federation estimates the contraband meat trade is worth nearly $100 million annually, with significant illegal activity in border towns and urban centers.

The International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala (CICIG) has implicated former president and current mayor of Guatemala City, Álvaro Arzú, in a corruption network linked to the prison system. The investigation reveals Arzú's connections with Byron Lima Oliva, a former army officer and influential figure in the prison system, who was murdered in 2016. The CICIG accuses Arzú of using public funds for campaign materials and voter recruitment, facilitated by Lima's prison-based operations. The investigation also highlights the involvement of other high-profile figures, including former interior minister Mauricio López Bonilla, in corrupt practices within the penitentiary system. The CICIG's efforts to combat corruption have previously led to the downfall of ex-President Otto Pérez Molina, though current President Jimmy Morales remains unprosecuted. The case underscores the pervasive corruption within Guatemala's political and governmental systems.

Colombia narrowly rejected a peace agreement with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) in a referendum, with 50.2% voting against it. The 'No' campaign's grievances centered on the perceived leniency towards war criminals and the guaranteed political participation of FARC. The article highlights the deep-rooted issues of revenge, cynicism, and apathy among Colombians, as well as the complex history of violence and political corruption. Despite the rejection, the author argues that the peace deal offered a chance to reduce violence and build a foundation for addressing other sources of conflict.

Veracruz, Mexico, under the regime of ex-governor Javier Duarte, became the most dangerous place for journalists in Latin America, with 19 journalists murdered and four disappeared between 2000 and 2016. Reporters Without Borders highlights that the main threat to journalists came from the state rather than organized crime, despite Veracruz having the most protective measures in place for journalists. The report underscores the ineffectiveness of these mechanisms and the high impunity rates for crimes against journalists, emphasizing the need for proper financing, support, and implementation of protective measures.

Conflicting poll data in Colombia highlights the challenges in securing public support for a peace deal with the FARC guerrillas. Recent polls show varying levels of optimism and skepticism among Colombians regarding the peace process, with significant opposition led by former President Alvaro Uribe and his Centro Democrático party. The 'yes' campaign, supported by President Juan Manuel Santos, faces a tough battle to convince a divided electorate. The outcome of the referendum remains uncertain, with both sides gearing up for a long campaign to sway public opinion.

Conflicting poll data in Colombia highlights the challenges in securing public support for a peace deal with the FARC guerrillas. Recent polls show varying levels of optimism and skepticism among Colombians regarding the peace process, with significant opposition led by former President Alvaro Uribe and his Centro Democrático party. The 'yes' campaign, supported by President Juan Manuel Santos, faces a tough battle to convince a divided electorate. The outcome of the referendum remains uncertain, with both sides gearing up for a long campaign to sway public opinion.

A personal anecdote highlights the dual nature of Colombia, where acts of crime are met with acts of kindness, reflecting the country's complex but ultimately positive cultural fabric.

A day after taking office, Mayor Gisela Mota of Temixco, Mexico, was murdered, an act linked to her support for the 'mando único' security policy. The policy aims to centralize police command to reduce local corruption and crime influence. Governor Graco Ramírez asserted the murder was a threat against the policy, vowing to expand it further. The incident raises concerns about the policy's effectiveness and the safety of local officials.

Colombia's murder rate hit a 40-year low in 2015, with 11,585 murders, a 9% drop from 2014. Despite this, organized crime appears to be thriving, with increased cocaine production and diversification into extortion and illegal mining. The reduction in violence may be due to organized crime networks adopting a low-key approach to avoid attracting attention. In Medellin, crime networks have struck a pact to end fighting and collaborate on drug trafficking, resulting in lower murder rates but increased disappearances.

In 2014, InSight Crime reported on a major seizure of illegal gold in Peru, which led to the exposure of a suspected criminal network and legal threats against InSight Crime from Kaloti Metals & Logistics (KML), a company implicated in the case. The seizure by Peru's tax and customs agency, SUNAT, and subsequent investigations revealed the involvement of several Peruvian export companies and their connections to illegal mining operations. The case highlighted the complex supply chain of illegal gold, the challenges in policing it, and the alleged involvement of foreign companies like KML in the illegal trade. Despite KML's claims of compliance with legal requirements, the case raised questions about the effectiveness of due diligence processes in the gold trade.

Nearly 70 percent of murder victims in El Salvador have no connection to gangs, challenging the official narrative that violence primarily affects criminals. A police study reveals that only 32 percent of the 8,150 murder victims from early 2014 to mid-September 2015 had gang affiliations. The majority of murders were committed with firearms, predominantly in rural areas, with motives remaining unclear in most cases. The findings contradict earlier police statements and suggest that civilians are often caught in the violence, potentially due to extortion or being misidentified as enemy collaborators.

Buritica, a once quiet farming village in Antioquia, Colombia, has transformed into a chaotic gold rush town plagued by illegal mining, narco-paramilitary groups, and social issues. The Gaitanistas, a powerful criminal group, control the illegal mining operations, leading to dangerous working conditions, environmental damage, and a surge in crime and prostitution. The influx of miners has strained public services and created severe overcrowding. The situation in Buritica reflects a broader trend in Colombia, where illegal mining is becoming a major source of income for armed groups, surpassing drug trafficking in some regions.

The number of members in Colombia's narco-paramilitary groups, collectively known as BACRIM, has decreased by over 20 percent since 2012, with current figures at 3,700. Despite this overall decline, the Gaitanistas, also known as the Gulf Clan, Urabeños, and Autodefensas Gaitanistas de Colombia, have grown by 642 members, now representing 70 percent of all BACRIM. The Rastrojos have seen a significant decrease in members, while the ERPAC's factions, the Meta Block and the Heroes of Vichada, continue to recruit. The Gaitanistas' growth may be attributed to their policy of incorporating smaller criminal organizations into their network.

Colombian prosecutors are investigating over 200 public officials for connections to BACRIM, a criminal organization and successor to the paramilitary AUC. The investigations target various officials, including security forces, town councilmen, mayors, and justice system officials. The BACRIM, like the AUC, rely on corrupt state contacts, particularly within security forces, to facilitate drug trafficking and gather intelligence. While BACRIM's political influence is less than the AUC's, they still exert control over local politics to avoid scrutiny. High-level political ties from the AUC era, such as those involving La Guajira Governor Francisco “Kiko” Gomez, continue in some regions.

In the late 1990s, over 15,000 people in Curvaradó, Colombia, were displaced by paramilitary death squads acting as proxies for the military. These lands were converted into African palm plantations and cattle ranches under paramilitary protection, a system known as the para-economy. Displaced residents who returned found themselves in a new struggle against plantain farms directed by Banacol, a company linked to Chiquita Brands. Chiquita, historically associated with exploitative practices, was found to have made payments to paramilitaries. Despite distancing itself from Colombia, Chiquita's ties to Banacol suggest continued involvement. The land restitution process faces significant challenges, with ongoing violence and threats from paramilitaries. The article highlights the complex interplay between corporate interests, paramilitary violence, and the struggle for land rights in Colombia.