Matthew Graham

Burger King has opened a new restaurant at St Nicholas Gate in Carlisle, creating an expected 34 jobs and marking the chain’s return to the city since 2012. The opening was celebrated with 1,000 free burgers and a year’s supply for the 100th customer. The restaurant includes 40 solar panels and will initially operate from 10 a.m. to 10 p.m. before moving to longer hours. Its launch coincides with Burger King’s national introduction of the Burger Buddies mini-burger range.

Westmorland and Furness Council has apologised for unclear language that caused concern over the future of Penrith Swimming Club’s beginner lessons. The council says a review of the club’s Learn to Swim programme is part of GLL’s wider effort to standardise arrangements, and insists there is no suggestion of wrongdoing or changes to the club’s competitive, talent-development or club-ready activities. The club says conflicting messages about the programme’s future remain unresolved and is seeking a formal agreement that would allow its pathway into competitive swimming to continue. More than 1,500 people have signed a petition, while meetings involving the council, GLL, the club and Swim England are planned; no final decision has been made.

Carlisle United manager Rob Elliot rejected claims that the club is lazily recruiting from his former team Gateshead. He said he personally identified and signed Adam Desbois, Brad Nicholson and Kenton Richardson during his time at Gateshead, and that Carlisle selected them because they fit the club’s needs and could improve the team. Elliot acknowledged the optics but insisted recruitment decisions are based on player quality and value rather than their previous employer.

A wanted man was interviewed in Manchester by officers from Eden’s Neighbourhood Policing Team as part of an investigation into drug-related offences in the Penrith area. The officers worked with Greater Manchester Police and urged anyone with information about drug activity to contact police or Crimestoppers.

Rolo, a 13-month-old Pomeranian crossbreed in the care of Dogs Trust Cumbria, is seeking a permanent home. She is affectionate, house-trained, responsive to commands and comfortable in rural or town settings, but would preferably live as the only dog with older, dog-savvy children. Potential adopters should be prepared to continue training her around other dogs, with support from Dogs Trust.

Independent North East fast-food brand Craft Burger plans to open a smaller-format restaurant in Carlisle, although the exact location and opening date have not been announced. The outlet will serve Angus beef smash burgers alongside fried chicken, loaded fries, doner kebab, sides and milkshakes, with delivery available across Carlisle and nearby areas. Recruitment is already under way, and the company views the site as the beginning of a wider presence in the region, with further UK openings and franchise locations planned.

Residents in St Bees, west Cumbria, say they have gone more than three weeks without post, resulting in missed hospital appointments, absent bank statements and undelivered legal correspondence. Labour MP Josh MacAlister has criticized Royal Mail's performance and said he will escalate the issue to the relevant minister. Royal Mail acknowledged that local routes can be affected by short-term problems but said a three-week delay would be exceptionally rare and more likely to involve an individual item.

Keiran Fraser, 25, of Carlisle, pleaded guilty to driving over the legal alcohol limit after police stopped him on Whinsmoor Drive. Carlisle Magistrates’ Court disqualified him from driving for 14 months, reduced by 14 weeks because he agreed to complete a drink-drive rehabilitation course, and fined him £450 plus £85 in prosecution costs.

Jonathan Divers, 38, of Carlisle, pleaded guilty at Carlisle Magistrates’ Court to driving a Ford Transit on the A69 at Scotby on Christmas Day with 23 micrograms of cocaine per litre of blood, above the legal limit. He received a 20-month driving ban lasting until March 2028, a community order including three months of drug rehabilitation with Recovery Steps Cumbria, and £199 in costs and surcharge.

Ennerdale Water remains one of the Lake District’s quietest and most remote destinations because it has no road alongside the lake, limited public transport and relatively difficult access. The lake offers clear water, wildlife, walking routes, cycling, canoeing, climbing and orienteering, with car parks at Bowness Knott and Bleach Green. Its circular and shorter walking routes also provide access to major peaks including Pillar, Steeple and Great Gable. As crowding increases at more popular Lake District locations, Ennerdale continues to attract visitors seeking solitude, wild landscapes and dog-friendly outdoor recreation.

Former Radio Cumbria broadcaster and ITV presenter Dennis Coath is preparing to publish the third book in his trilogy about The Dogs, a fictional band of pensioners who reform in later life and eventually surpass The Beatles' record sales. The final installment, The Band That Turned Back Time, follows two books published from 2024 onward and has received praise from media and entertainment figures. Coath has also written books with sporting legends, created the World's Biggest Liar Contest, and plans to publish a historical novel about the events of 1066.

Police in Carlisle stopped a 12-year-old who was riding an illegal scooter, allegedly attempting to evade officers and riding dangerously. The child was spoken to in front of their mother, and police said the scooter would be crushed. Carlisle Police said its neighbourhood team would continue targeting illegal vehicles and thanked local residents for their assistance.

Wasdale Mountain Rescue Team helped three lost walkers descend Stand Crag after one suffered muscle cramps and the group lacked lights and had little phone battery. During the operation, rescuers also found two other lost men, directed them to the correct path, and guided all five walkers safely off the hill toward Seathwaite.

A man was arrested in Appleby after Eden NPT officers reportedly saw him riding a scooter without a licence or insurance. Police said he failed to stop, continued toward an officer and resisted arrest. He faces allegations including failing to stop for police, driving without insurance or a licence, assaulting a police officer, dangerous driving, resisting arrest and a racially aggravated Section 5 public-order offence.

Mohamad Armand, 21, of Blyth, pleaded guilty at West Cumbria Courthouse to driving an Audi A3 without due care and attention on Murray Road in Workington on November 22, 2025. He was fined £108, ordered to pay £100 in Crown Prosecution Service costs and a £43 victim surcharge, and received three penalty points. Full payment was ordered by September 4, 2026.

Sean Murray, 59, of Distington, pleaded guilty at West Cumbria Courthouse to two drug-driving offences after being stopped on the A595 near Papcastle. Tests found he was over the legal limits for THC and benzoylecgonine, a cocaine metabolite. He received a 12-month community order, must complete 80 hours of unpaid work, pay £85 in prosecution costs and a £114 surcharge, and was disqualified from driving for 17 months.

A woman was detained shortly after allegedly stealing goods from the Marks & Spencer Foodhall in Penrith. Police responded to a shopwatch radio alert, gathered CCTV evidence, and detained her after a stop-and-search recovered the stolen items. Penrith police highlighted the system’s value in helping stores communicate directly with officers and direct resources quickly.

A victim lost £50,000 in a courier fraud scam, prompting Cumbria Police to warn residents—particularly older and vulnerable people—about criminals impersonating police officers, bank employees and other trusted representatives. Fraudsters may pressure victims to withdraw cash, transfer funds, buy gift cards or hand over valuables to a courier. Police advise ending suspicious calls, contacting banks through trusted numbers or 159, and reporting incidents via 101 or Report Fraud.

Carlisle United have confirmed that 22-year-old academy graduate goalkeeper Gabe Breeze has joined Cambridge United for an undisclosed fee. Breeze made 85 appearances for Carlisle, including 17 clean sheets during the previous National League campaign, after becoming the club's first-choice goalkeeper. Carlisle head coach Rob Elliot and sporting director Marc Tierney praised his development and accepted his request to pursue the move. Carlisle had reportedly rejected two earlier bids, while Gateshead goalkeeper Adam Desbois is believed to be the leading candidate to replace him.

Oak Tree Animals' Charity has revised its onsite donation-bay guidelines after receiving more heavily soiled, damaged or otherwise unsaleable items that must be discarded at the charity’s expense. The bay will now accept only animal-related goods, including pet food, toys, beds, leads, collars, harnesses and other pet equipment. The charity’s shops will continue accepting good-quality clothing, homeware, books, toys, bric-a-brac and other saleable donations.

Ashley Karl Fry was sentenced at Carlisle Magistrates’ Court after repeatedly kicking a parked car on Pategill Road in Penrith while intoxicated, causing £900 of damage. Fry admitted criminal damage and told the court that alcohol had contributed to all his offences. With 46 previous convictions for 81 offences, including 11 involving property damage, he received a 12-month community order with up to 15 rehabilitation activity days, a £50 fine and £400 compensation to the victim. The court noted his history of breaching sentences and existing debts, while Fry said he was taking steps to address his alcohol-related behaviour.

Belfast-based house music DJ and producer Robbie Doherty will perform at Carlisle venue AURA on September 26, 2026, as part of a joint Under No Illusion and AURA event. Known for blending 1990s house, disco and deep house, Doherty has more than 20 million Spotify plays across tracks including “Call It What You Like” and “Can You Feel It.” Local DJs Ki Creighton, Leila Chung, Frankie Thompson and James Harkness will also perform, while organisers recommend booking early because of the venue’s limited capacity.

Sport in Action is seeking business sponsorship for the Carlisle Santa Dash and Carlisle Remembrance Run so that all entry fees can be donated to Jigsaw Children’s Hospice and the Royal British Legion. Sponsorship would cover medals and other event expenses, while businesses can also contribute prizes or help promote the events.

Emergency services responded to reports of a man on the roof of a property on Warwick Square in Carlisle on Monday, August 10. Cumbria Police said the incident remained ongoing, with services working to bring it to a safe conclusion. Warwick Square was closed at the Warwick Road end, and drivers were warned of possible delays.

Pravesh Randev, 58, of Bishopbriggs, Glasgow, pleaded guilty after an automatic camera caught him exceeding a temporary 40mph limit in a Bentley on the M6 at Clifton Bridge on July 20, 2025. Carlisle Magistrates’ Court fined him £165, ordered him to pay £250 in prosecution costs and a £66 victim surcharge, and imposed three penalty points. Full payment was required by September 3, 2026.

Mammas Fish Restaurant on Scotch Street in Carlisle has received strong customer praise for freshly cooked fish and chips, friendly service and a welcoming atmosphere. TripAdvisor reviewers highlighted the restaurant’s tartar sauce, gluten-free, vegan and vegetarian options, and attentive owner. The restaurant holds a 4.5 out of 5 rating and ranks 25th among 309 Carlisle restaurants.

Daniel Wilkinson has denied exceeding a temporary 40mph speed limit on the southbound M6 near Clifton Bridge in Cumbria. The alleged offence occurred on November 19, 2025, during roadworks between junctions 39 and 40. Wilkinson is accused under traffic regulations governing temporary motorway restrictions and is scheduled to face a 20-minute trial at St Albans Magistrates' Court on February 24, 2027.

Creighton RUFC is appealing for community support after a newly installed fence was criminally damaged less than 24 hours later. The fence was intended to prevent unauthorised land use and dog fouling at the sports facility, particularly to protect children using the playing fields. The club has reported the vandalism to police and is seeking local business sponsorship to help cover rising costs and future repairs.

The third episode of The Blues Notebook previews Carlisle United’s National League season following a 3–0 pre-season victory over Derby County U21s. It assesses Rob Elliot’s developing style, likely starting lineup and player readiness, reviews his comments about season expectations, Worthing and injuries, and offers predictions for the wider division.

Craft Burger is recruiting front-of-house staff, supervisors and waiting staff for a planned new restaurant in Carlisle. The smash burger chain has not yet confirmed the site’s location or opening date, but says it is building a team for the outlet. The expansion would add to Carlisle’s growing number of chain and independent food businesses, alongside planned Taco Bell and Burger King locations. Cumbria Chamber of Commerce managing director Suzanne Caldwell said the increase in fast-food outlets reflects businesses’ confidence in the city’s potential.

Crofton Hall Coffee Shop and Eatery, located in the Old Stable Block on the historic Crofton estate near Carlisle, is being praised by visitors as a peaceful café offering homemade food, friendly service and good value. Diners highlighted its menu, customer care, scenic gardens and lack of traffic noise, with the business receiving a 4.8 out of 5 rating. The café is open Wednesday to Saturday from 10am to 3pm and on Sundays from 11am to 3pm.

Honister Slate Mine in Cumbria has opened a 1,200-metre zip wire, the longest in England, running from Honister Crag to the visitor centre at speeds of up to 65 mph. The attraction was developed after more than 15 years of planning and investment and is intended to boost tourism while reflecting the site's industrial heritage. It will also help transport slate from England's last working slate mine, echoing historic ropeways. The business is led by Prentice and Piers Wilkinson Weir, who launched the attraction during Honister's 30th anniversary year under the Weir family.

Three men were arrested after neighbourhood officers stopped a car following a short police pursuit on West Avenue in Wigton on August 2. Police said the vehicle contained a significant quantity of cannabis, cash and drug paraphernalia. All three occupants were arrested on suspicion of possessing drugs with intent to supply, while the driver also faced suspicion of drug driving after testing positive for cannabis.

A mountain biker suffered a probable broken collarbone and concussion after crashing while descending a steep, rocky chute on the Old Coach Road above Threlkeld. Keswick Mountain Rescue Team sent 13 members to the scene, provided pain relief and assisted him to vehicles for transfer to an ambulance.

Cumberland Council will cut overgrown vegetation on the M6 Junction 42 roundabout near Carlisle after residents and drivers said it was obstructing views and making it harder to enter the roundabout safely. The council attributed the rapid growth to recent warm, wet weather and said the work was scheduled for the week of the report. It also urged residents to continue reporting highway maintenance issues.

Rosie Bulman, 38, of Carlisle, has pleaded not guilty to allegedly driving an Audi R8 while over the legal alcohol limit. Prosecutors claim her blood alcohol reading was 235 milligrammes per 100 millilitres, nearly three times the legal limit. She was granted unconditional bail, with a case management hearing scheduled at Carlisle Magistrates' Court for September 15.

Carlisle Subscription Bowling Club has won the Tony Alcock Trophy's Northern Regional Final after defeating teams from several northern English counties. The mixed over-60s team, representing a club of around 80 members, now progresses to the national quarter-finals in Leamington Spa. Club president Bryan Steel praised the players' skill and team spirit, while NHS teams highlighted the sport's potential benefits for mental, emotional and social wellbeing.

Carlisle DJ Lewis Knights ran a competition receiving nearly 600 mixes to select three artists for slots at the Oslo Vibrance festival in Norway. Mal Moorhead, performing as Malix, won the place reserved for a Cumbrian artist after Knights praised the energy and track selection of his drum-and-bass and dubstep mix. Moorhead began DJing in 2023, has played local clubs and Solfest, and co-founded the Antix Audio collective to promote heavier music and local events. The other winners were ASH WOZZA and Jake Upstairs.

Carlisle's Howard Arms pub on Lowther Street is being offered to a new tenant. The premises include ground- and first-floor trading areas, a catering kitchen, beer garden, function room and approximately 50 customer covers, with existing trade from live entertainment, sport and pub games. Landlords are seeking an operator to develop a stronger food-and-drink offering while maintaining drinks sales. The minimum ingoing cost is £10,336, annual rent is £22,040 and estimated annual turnover is £300,426, although total entry costs could reach about £29,935 excluding VAT. Applicants are being asked to demonstrate how they would develop the pub and engage with the local community.

Police have launched a murder investigation after a woman in her 60s was found dead at a property on Whinlatter Way in Carlisle. Emergency services pronounced her dead at the scene, and a man in his 60s was arrested on suspicion of murder. Cumbria Police said he remains in custody, urged the public not to speculate, and confirmed there is no wider risk to the community.

Przemyslaw Wajdzik, 36, of Carlisle, was banned from driving for 24 months after pleading guilty to drink-driving and driving without a valid licence. He had been stopped in a BMW on Crown Street with 115 microgrammes of alcohol per 100 millilitres of breath, more than three times the legal limit. He also received a community order, was required to complete 80 hours of unpaid work, and was ordered to pay £85 in costs and a £114 victim surcharge. The ban may be reduced by 24 weeks if he completes a drink-drive rehabilitation course.

Lauren Armstrong, 35, of Seaton, Workington, pleaded guilty at Workington Magistrates’ Court to failing without reasonable excuse to provide a specimen for laboratory analysis when requested by police. The offence was committed in Workington on November 19, 2025. Sentencing was adjourned until August 26 pending a pre-sentence report, and Armstrong was granted unconditional bail.

Delilah, a four-year-old Staffordshire bull terrier found as a stray after having puppies, is seeking a permanent home through Dogs Trust Cumbria. She is described as friendly and affectionate, currently living in foster care, and would benefit from patient adopters, continued house-training support and access to a secure garden.

A group of Carlisle teenagers aged 13 to 15 has raised more than £1,000 and organised a live football match to support Eden Valley Hospice and Jigsaw Children's Hospice. Inspired by playing Pro Clubs in EAFC, the group created Kick For A Cause, with teams scheduled to play at Keenan Park and additional fundraising planned through raffle donations and online contributions.

Lake Road Brunch in Keswick is receiving strong customer reviews for its high-quality, generously portioned brunch dishes, including hash browns, pancakes and gyros. Diners also praise the café’s presentation and welcoming service, although some consider it expensive and note occasional facility issues and slower service during busy periods. Because the café is popular and tables can be difficult to secure, customers recommend booking ahead.

Cumberland Council is clearing substantial green waste and other rubbish from Rickerby Park after Traveller groups left the site following repeated encampments. Liberal Democrat councillors Brian Wernham and Chris Wills criticised the council for failing to use Public Space Protection Order powers, citing illegal camping, damage to the park and residents’ concerns. Labour councillor Justin McDermott said PSPOs are not intended to remove encampments and that the council must follow a separate, proportionate legal process applied consistently to all visitors.

Steven John Musgrave, 49, of Maryport, pleaded guilty to driving while unfit through drugs after being caught driving an MG on Main Road on February 9. He was disqualified from driving for 12 months, fined £120, ordered to pay £85 in prosecution costs and a £48 victim surcharge, with the total payable in monthly £20 instalments. Magistrates said the driving ban was mandatory under section 4(1) of the Road Traffic Act 1988.

A former veterinary practice at 330 London Road in Carlisle is being offered for sale at a guide price of £175,000. The 1,039-square-foot single-storey property has parking at the front and rear and occupies a highly visible junction near major retailers and the London Road Retail Park. The property is classified as “shop & premises” with a rateable value of £5,300, and viewings can be arranged through Edwin Thompson LLP.

Diane Richards, 57, of the Allonby area, pleaded guilty at Carlisle Crown Court to dishonestly failing to report an improvement in her care and mobility circumstances that affected her entitlement to Personal Independence Payment. The offence occurred between February 2024 and February 2025. The case was adjourned for a probation service pre-sentence report, and Richards was granted bail pending sentencing on September 1. The Department for Work and Pensions warned of serious consequences for benefit fraud and urged the public to report suspected abuse of the welfare system.

Matthew Todd of Hayton completed a 100-mile Rat Race ultramarathon from Bamburgh to Edinburgh in 23 hours and 22 minutes, finishing 12th overall and under his personal 24-hour target. He raised money for Hospice at Home in memory of his father and grandfather, who received care from the charity. The challenge followed months of intensive training and included difficulties such as a painful blister and a failing head torch, with fellow runner Gavin helping him through part of the course.

The second episode of The Blues Notebook examines Carlisle United’s 2–0 pre-season defeat to Salford City, including injuries, Rob Elliot’s tactics, squad depth and fitness. It previews the final friendly against Derby County Under-21s, considers likely starting selections, discusses the club’s new kits and transfer speculation, and notes the appointment of Tom Lawrence as CEO. The episode is available to watch on YouTube and listen to on Spotify.

Keswick restaurant and cocktail bar Derwent Walker has received highly positive reviews from visitors from Essex, Newcastle and Bolton. Diners praised its small plates, tapas-style menu, cocktails, friendly staff and lively atmosphere, with several saying they would return or travel long distances to visit again.

Leanne Buckley, 33, of no fixed abode, received a two-year criminal behaviour order after being sentenced on July 29 to 28 weeks in prison for assault, harassment and breaching a restraining order. The order bans her from entering several Penrith shops and specified local areas and prohibits her from carrying an open alcohol container in public. Cumbria Police said the measures aim to protect businesses and residents and prevent further offending; breaching the order can carry a prison sentence of up to five years.

A young woman injured her ankle after slipping on wet stones while descending Catbells near Keswick. Thirteen Keswick Mountain Rescue Team members responded, with assistance from RAF Leeming Mountain Rescue Team because of limited local availability. The casualty was splinted, secured with a rope and sledged down the steep slope before being taken by car to hospital; the rescue lasted two hours and 39 minutes.

A ground-floor commercial unit at 2 Carlyle's Court on St Mary's Gate in central Carlisle has been put on the market. The property offers open-plan space, extensive glazing, accessible entry, storage and staff facilities, and may qualify for full business rates relief for eligible occupiers. Potential uses include retail, gallery, beauty, wellbeing, office and showroom businesses, subject to planning and landlord approval. Its location near Carlisle Cathedral, Carlisle Castle and the Tullie Museum places it within a mixed retail and commercial courtyard serving Carlisle and the wider Cumbria and southwest Scotland area.

Carlisle DJ Lewis Knights is partnering with Norwegian festival Oslo Vibrance to offer three DJs the chance to perform in Oslo on September 5, with one place reserved for an artist from Cumbria. Entrants must engage with an Instagram post, follow both participating accounts and comment “Forest party” before receiving further instructions. Flights and travel will be covered, and the winner is due to be announced on August 3. Knights said his performances in Norway have helped develop his sound and that he hopes to support and expand Carlisle’s local music scene.

Carlisle United has expanded its paid commercial partnership with Magellan Transport Logistics, the business owned by club chairman Tom Piatak and his wife Patty. Magellan will remain the club’s Official International Logistics Partner, with branding across the stadium, matchdays, social media and hospitality, alongside support for community initiatives and recruitment. The agreement also aims to facilitate UK-US business development and could support future US-based events and football-related activities.

La Voix, known for her stage and screen career and appearance on Strictly Come Dancing, will perform at Carlisle’s Sands Centre on April 14, 2027. The show is expected to feature live vocals, comedy, cabaret, glamour, elaborate costumes and personal stories as part of her latest tour.

Alexander Prior, 36, from Henham in Bishop's Stortford, pleaded guilty at West Cumbria Courthouse to driving a Ford Kuga on the A66 at Threlkeld while disqualified. He was fined £928, banned from driving for a further four months, ordered to pay £85 in prosecution costs and a £371 victim surcharge, with the total due by August 24.

Burnley resident Joe Maden, who lost his right leg below the knee in a workplace accident at 16, is close to becoming the first known amputee to complete all 214 Wainwright peaks in the Lake District. He has climbed 206 fells over three years while raising nearly £7,000 for Pendleside Hospice. Injuries, work, weather and family commitments delayed the challenge, but after recently climbing Scafell Pike, Maden plans to finish on Latrigg with family and friends. He hopes his achievement will encourage others facing difficult circumstances to set and pursue their own goals.

A delivery driver was stopped in Carlisle city centre while riding an illegally modified e-bike capable of exceeding 20 mph using its throttle. Police said the bike had a 1,000-watt motor and pedal assistance above the legal 15.5 mph limit, while throttle-assisted e-bikes are limited to 3.5 mph. The e-bike was seized and is expected to be crushed, and the driver will receive a court date for multiple traffic offences.

Cumbria Police are investigating the theft of a boat engine from Talkin Tarn Country Park near Brampton. The engine was reportedly taken between 4pm on July 25 and 10am on July 26, and officers are asking witnesses or anyone with information to contact police, Crimestoppers, or report online.

A major fire at Armathwaite Castle in Cumbria engulfed a large section of the roof. More than 15 fire crews and over 50 personnel responded, using portable pumps to draw water from the River Eden and operate up to 10 firefighting jets. Crews fought the blaze from outside because of concerns about the building’s stability, bringing it under control after approximately seven hours.

Carlisle United have signed 21-year-old right-sided defender Leo Duru on a one-year contract with an option for an additional year after he impressed during a pre-season trial. Head coach Rob Elliot and sporting director Marc Tierney praised Duru's energy, athleticism, defensive ability and attacking threat. Duru began at Manchester United, developed at Blackburn Rovers, later played for Barrow and spent time on loan in the United States with San Diego FC and Birmingham Legion. He has also represented the United States under-20 team three times.

Silloth RNLI rescued a person from the water off Silloth after being alerted by Belfast Coastguard on July 24. The individual was found holding a life ring thrown by a fisherman, safely recovered, given first aid, and transferred to ambulance care. Maryport Coastguard also assisted, and the person was reported safe and well.

A by-election will be held on August 20 to fill the vacant Harraby South seat on Cumberland Council after councillor Lucy Patrick resigned. Five candidates are standing: Ruth Elizabeth Alcroft for Labour, Rob Currie for the Conservatives, Stuart Kelly for the Liberal Democrats, Rose-Ellen Kemp for the Green Party, and Josh Kirkwood for Reform UK.

A driver from Tamworth received a three‑year driving ban after being stopped on the M6 near Killington and testing over the legal cannabis limit. He pleaded guilty at Cannock Magistrates’ Court and was fined, ordered to pay court costs and a victim surcharge, and given a community order requiring drug rehabilitation and additional activity days under probation supervision.