Tadrian Abdullah, a worker for Iraq’s Kurdistan Regional Government’s Ministry of Martyrs and Anfal Affairs, recounts his harrowing experiences of exhuming bodies from mass graves left by ISIS in Khanaqin and Diyala province. Initially a desk worker, Abdullah's role shifted dramatically with the advance of ISIS, leading him to recover and identify the bodies of executed victims. The article highlights the psychological and physical toll on Abdullah and his colleagues, the challenges of identifying remains, and the ongoing threat of ISIS. Despite the trauma, Abdullah finds purpose in bringing closure to the families of the deceased.

Hoshyar Ali, a double amputee, is on a mission to de-mine northern Iraq, working independently and without charge. Despite losing both legs to land mines and facing opposition from the Kurdistan Regional Government and NGOs, Ali continues his efforts, driven by personal tragedy and a commitment to his community. He has cleared thousands of fields and dismantled hundreds of thousands of land mines, becoming a local hero. Ali's work includes creating a land mine museum to educate locals, although his methods and independence have sparked controversy.

The article discusses the emerging market of flying cars, highlighting various companies and their projects, including Ehang, Lilium, Kitty Hawk, Airbus, Boeing, and Uber. Ehang plans to launch the first autonomous air taxi service soon, while Lilium aims for commercial services by 2025. Uber is developing an air taxi service with plans to launch in Los Angeles, Dallas, and Melbourne within three years. The article also touches on the potential benefits of flying cars, such as reducing traffic and environmental impact, and the challenges, including production costs, regulation, and safety. Optimism remains high among developers for increased air mobility to address infrastructure pressures.

Ibrahim Abdullahi recounts his harrowing experience during the 1988 conflict in Hargeisa, Somaliland, where he was forced by government soldiers to bury hundreds of bodies to cover up war crimes. His story, confirmed by the War Crimes Commissioner, underscores the brutalities committed by Somalia’s national army and the resilience of those who survived. Abdullahi's efforts have been crucial in reuniting families with the remains of their loved ones, and he continues to work towards ensuring that the atrocities are not forgotten.

The Kurdish independence referendum in Iraq's semi-autonomous region has sparked significant debate among Kurds, with strong support in Erbil and opposition in Sulaymaniyah. The referendum, led by the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) and opposed by the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) and other political factions, highlights deep political and economic divisions. The inclusion of disputed territories like Kirkuk has further complicated the situation, drawing criticism from the Iraqi government and international actors. Despite the expected majority support for independence, internal disputes and potential instability remain major concerns.

The Samaritans, a small ethno-religious community in the occupied West Bank and Israel, are striving to preserve their culture and heritage amidst dwindling numbers and historical conflicts. Despite efforts to remain politically neutral and bridge gaps between Israelis and Palestinians, the community faces challenges such as demographic decline and cultural erosion. Initiatives like compulsory education in Samaritan history and language aim to sustain their identity, but concerns about the future persist.

Sounds of Palestine, a local organization in Aida refugee camp, West Bank, offers music therapy to children aged five to nine, teaching them instruments like the clarinet, cello, and violin. The program, started in 2012, aims to create a peaceful environment amidst the violence and trauma experienced by the children due to Israeli military actions. The organization has social workers to counsel the students and has seen success, with two students winning a strings competition. Despite funding challenges, Sounds of Palestine aspires to expand and provide free music lessons and therapy to more children.

Islamic State militants have increased chemical weapon attacks on Kurdish forces in Iraq, using mustard gas and chlorine. These attacks have caused injuries and panic among soldiers and civilians. The U.S. military has destroyed an ISIL chemical weapons facility, and international organizations are investigating the use of these banned weapons. Kurdish commanders believe the weapons are manufactured in Mosul and fear more lethal attacks as ISIL becomes more desperate.

Joseph, a former member of the Haredi (ultra-Orthodox) Jewish community in Israel, shares his journey of leaving the religious life to embrace secular society, driven by his realization of being gay. The article highlights the increasing trend of Haredi youth leaving their communities due to growing extremism and the influence of the internet. Organizations like Hillel provide crucial support for these individuals, who often face significant challenges, including financial instability and family estrangement. Tsila Bilou, another ex-Haredi, discusses the difficulties of adjusting to secular life and the lack of basic education and job opportunities for those who leave. Despite the hardships, both Joseph and Bilou express no regrets about their decisions.

The village of Skala Sikamineas on the Greek island of Lesbos has become a critical entry point for refugees from various countries, including Syria, Iraq, and Afghanistan. The Reverend Father Christoforos Schuff, an American-born priest with Scandinavian ties, has been living in the village for 14 years and plays a pivotal role in coordinating humanitarian efforts. He collaborates closely with the Swedish NGO Lighthouse Refugee Relief to provide essential services to the refugees, such as distributing water, offering medical care, and transporting families to camps. Schuff emphasizes the importance of showing love and compassion to all, regardless of religious differences.

The village of Sa'ir in the southern occupied West Bank has become a focal point of violence and despair amid the recent escalation in the Israel-Palestine conflict. Thirteen young men from the village have been killed in the past three months, many in alleged stabbing attempts against Israeli soldiers. The village, under frequent raids and economic siege by the Israeli army, faces severe unemployment and collective punishment. The dire situation has led to a pervasive sense of hopelessness among the youth, with some speculating that the attacks may be driven by a desire for martyrdom as a socially acceptable form of suicide. The article highlights the emotional and physical toll on the villagers, who feel abandoned by human rights organizations and powerless to change their circumstances.

Christians in Gaza, a religious minority, are celebrating Christmas amid the ongoing Israeli blockade and the difficult living conditions resulting from it. The community, which has dwindled from around 3000 to 1200, faces high unemployment and poverty. Despite the festive period, there is a strong sentiment of resistance and a desire for a return to their ancestral homes among the Christian refugees. The article conveys a message from the community to the international audience, emphasizing their lack of rights and the need for a peaceful resolution to their situation.

The Palestinian Red Crescent, a humanitarian organization, is actively involved in rescuing injured protesters at the Israel-Gaza border amidst clashes. Volunteers like Shaban and Mohammed Mundil risk their lives to provide medical aid under live fire. The protests against Israeli occupation and the Gaza blockade are marked by violence, with live ammunition frequently used by Israeli soldiers. The Red Crescent's presence is crucial, as injuries and deaths are common. Gaza's dire economic situation and high unemployment rates are highlighted, with many volunteers hoping their service will lead to paid positions. Despite the risks, including the use of internationally banned Dum-Dum bullets, the Red Crescent workers are committed to their humanitarian mission.

Children in Gaza, such as Wissam and his brothers, are forced into labor to support their families due to the dire economic conditions and the aftermath of Israeli military actions. The article highlights their daily struggles, the impact of war on their lives, and their longing for a normal childhood. Despite the hardships, the children find moments of joy and maintain hope for a better future.

The article highlights the severe psychological and physical impact of the ongoing violence in Hebron on children and residents. It describes the daily fear and trauma experienced by students at the Tariq bin Ziyad school due to frequent tear gas attacks and military incursions. The escalation in violence has led to increased anxiety, isolation, and anger among children, with some parents keeping their children home for safety. Organizations like Doctors Without Borders are providing psychological first aid, but the situation remains dire, with residents fearing for their lives and the safety of their families.

The Greek island of Lesbos remains a critical point in Europe's refugee crisis, with thousands of refugees making perilous sea crossings from Turkey daily. Middle East Eye interviews several refugee children from Syria and Afghanistan, revealing their traumatic experiences and hopes for a peaceful future in Europe. The children express relief at escaping war-torn regions and optimism about resettling in countries like Switzerland and Belgium, where they look forward to safety, education, and new opportunities.

Eman Matrood Aazawi and her family fled Baghdad with their two dogs, Rose and Milo, to seek refuge in Europe, landing on the Greek island of Lesbos. The journey across the Aegean Sea was perilous, with overcrowded dinghies and the constant threat of drowning or hypothermia. Despite the dangers, Aazawi and her sister-in-law Zaynab managed to keep their dogs safe during the crossing. The article highlights the ongoing refugee crisis, the treacherous journey many face, and the emotional and physical challenges of starting anew in Europe.

Melinda McRostie, an Australian restaurant owner in Lesbos, Greece, has become a key figure in aiding refugees arriving on the island. Her restaurant, The Captain’s Table, has transformed into a hub of support, providing shelter, food, and emotional aid through her organization, Asterias. Despite limited resources and bureaucratic hurdles, McRostie and her team have assisted over 90,000 refugees, creating makeshift camps and offering essential services. The article highlights the personal and community-driven efforts to address the refugee crisis, contrasting with the slower responses of larger humanitarian organizations.

Greek fishermen, particularly on the island of Lesbos, have taken on the daily task of rescuing migrants from drowning in the Aegean Sea. With the influx of refugees fleeing war and poverty, the fishermen, including Kostas Pinteris, Vaggelis Stylianey, and Statos Valamios, have become crucial in saving lives despite the dangers involved. The Greek Coast Guard's resources are stretched thin, making the fishermen's efforts even more vital. The worsening weather conditions are expected to increase the number of deaths at sea, but the fishermen remain committed to helping those in need.

In Domiz Refugee Camp, the Champions League Final offers a temporary escape for Syrian refugees, with café owner Nawaf Qassim preparing his establishment for a packed night. Football, especially involving popular teams like Barcelona and Real Madrid, provides a rare reprieve from the hardships of camp life. The event brings together fans, creating a sense of community and momentary relief from their daily struggles. The excitement and emotional highs and lows of the game offer a much-needed distraction, highlighting the unifying power of sports even in challenging circumstances.

The tomb of Nahum the Prophet in Al Qosh, Iraq, is at risk due to the proximity of ISIS. The site, an ancient synagogue, has been maintained by Asir Salaam Shajaa and his family for decades. The Jewish population of Al Qosh fled in the early 1950s, leaving the tomb under the care of local Christians. Despite efforts to protect the site, including a metal awning installed by the Iraqi government, the threat from ISIS has deterred visitors and halted restoration plans. Shajaa remains committed to preserving the tomb, though the future is uncertain as many Iraqi Christians, including his family, consider leaving the country.

Syrian refugees in Donetsk, Ukraine, such as Abdelsattar Nassar and Khaled Sijer, have found themselves caught in a new conflict after fleeing the Syrian civil war. Nassar's Shisha House Cafe is one of the few businesses still open in the city, but he feels guilt and fear for his family's safety. Sijer, who also fled Syria, runs a small restaurant and has decided to stay in Donetsk to support his family back in Syria. Despite a ceasefire, the war in East Ukraine continues to claim lives and cause destruction, leaving these refugees trapped in another warzone.

St. Matthew's Monastery, one of Iraq's oldest Christian monasteries, is under threat from the Islamic State, which is less than four miles away. The monastery is currently under Kurdish peshmerga control, and monks have moved their most precious relics for safety. The Islamic State's recent capture of Palmyra raises concerns about the potential destruction of the monastery. Monks and students remain at the monastery, despite the danger, to preserve their history and heritage.

Donetsk, a city in eastern Ukraine, has become a lawless hub for separatist militias despite a ceasefire with Ukrainian forces. The militias, often in military fatigues, act with impunity, engaging in looting, torture, and executions. Local police, such as officers Bogdan Kvetka and Ruslan Ivanov, admit to being powerless against the militias' criminal activities. The population has halved, and residents live in fear of both the Ukrainian army and the militias. Civil liberties activist Olexandra Matviichuk confirms the widespread lawlessness, and restaurant owner Khaled Sijer expresses distrust in the police. The Donetsk People's Republic struggles to control its own forces while also fighting against Ukraine.

In Donetsk, Ukraine, hospitals like Hospital 21 are struggling with severe shortages of medicine and damaged infrastructure amid ongoing conflict between separatist fighters of the Donetsk People's Republic (DNR) and Ukrainian forces. Despite a cease-fire agreement, fighting continues, exacerbating the healthcare crisis. Medical staff, including Alekseyenko Aleksandrovich and Alexander Petrovich Stanitskly, face immense challenges, resorting to desperate measures to treat patients. The Ukrainian government's halt in funding for rebel-held areas and limited aid from Russian convoys have worsened the situation. Human Rights Watch and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe highlight the dire conditions and ongoing violations of the cease-fire.

In Donetsk, Ukraine, hospitals like Hospital 21 face severe challenges due to ongoing conflict between separatist forces and the Ukrainian army. Despite a cease-fire agreement, fighting continues, exacerbating the shortage of medical supplies and infrastructure damage. Doctors, such as Alekseyenko Aleksandrovich and Alexander Petrovich Stanitskly, struggle to provide care with limited resources, often resorting to makeshift remedies. The Ukrainian government's decision to halt funding for hospitals in rebel-held areas has worsened the situation. Human Rights Watch and the OSCE report on the dire conditions and cease-fire violations, highlighting the precarious state of healthcare in the region.

St Mary’s battalion, a pro-Ukrainian militia group ideologically aligned with the extreme-right Ukrainian political party Bratsvo, is actively fighting against pro-Russian separatists in eastern Ukraine. The group, led by former molecular biologist Vitaly Chornly and commander Borgese 'Alex' Serediuk, draws inspiration from the Taliban's devotion to faith and Christian crusaders, aiming to wage a 13th-century-style crusade against Russia. Despite being small in numbers and lacking resources, the battalion's members are deeply religious and motivated by their faith. They refuse to recognize ceasefire negotiations and aim to continue their fight until the Kremlin is in ruins. The Ukrainian government and peace talks may be threatened by such ideologically driven militias, which possess a strong desire to fight compared to the conscripted Ukrainian army.

Vitaly Chornly and Borgese 'Alex' Serediuk lead the St Mary's battalion, a pro-Ukrainian militia group fighting against pro-Russian separatists in eastern Ukraine. They liken their group to a 'Christian Taliban,' emphasizing their strong religious faith as their main strength. Despite limited resources, they are determined to continue their fight until the Kremlin falls. The battalion's extreme-right ideology and religious zeal pose a significant threat to peace talks in the region.

Civilians in Kirkuk, Iraq, including Abdelwahab al Akray, have been severely affected by airstrikes, which they attribute to the Iraqi government rather than the Islamic State. Human Rights Watch has documented indiscriminate attacks by Iraqi forces. The conflict has exacerbated sectarian tensions between Sunnis and Shiites, with Sunni civilians feeling targeted. Despite a change in leadership from Nouri al-Maliki to Haider al-Abadi, accusations of government-led airstrikes on civilian areas persist. Prime Minister al-Abadi's statement to parliament has raised concerns among human rights organizations. Civilians, trapped between ISIS and government forces, have been displaced and many have lost family members due to the violence.

Richard Jones, an American from Atlanta, Georgia, has been in Syria for two months, volunteering with the Peoples’ Protection Units (YPG) to fight against ISIS. Motivated by the atrocities committed by ISIS, particularly against women, Jones left his home and military background to join the conflict. While the YPG is hesitant to place Western fighters on the frontline, Jones aims to contribute by training Kurdish fighters and providing security. The article underscores the diverse roles Western volunteers can play in supporting the YPG beyond direct combat.

In Diyala Province, Iraq, Sunni residents recount fleeing their homes due to violence from the Shiite militia, Badr Brigade, which took control after pushing out the Islamic State. Witnesses describe massacres, fear, and destruction caused by the militia, leading many to seek refuge in IDP camps. Human Rights Watch has documented abuses by the Badr Brigade, and residents express a preference for the harsh conditions of the camps over returning to their unsafe homes.

Hudda Awad, a lifelong refugee, shares her experiences of living in various camps across the Middle East, currently residing in Baharka Camp in Iraqi Kurdistan. The camp, primarily for Iraqi IDPs, also houses 18 Palestinian families displaced by ISIL's advances. Awad and other Palestinian refugees, including Khadra Ibrahim and Ahmad Mohammed Adiyab, recount their continuous displacement and the challenges they face. Despite the hardships, they find solace in their community and support from organizations like UNICEF and UNHCR. The article underscores the ongoing struggles of Palestinian refugees and the impact of conflict on their lives.

Johan Cosar, an Assyrian Christian from Switzerland, leads the Martyr Obdar Company and co-founded the Syriac Military Council (MFS), an Assyrian militia in Syria's al-Hasakah province. The MFS, with 800 fighters, collaborates with the Kurdish YPG to defend against the Islamic State, which has kidnapped Assyrian civilians and destroyed Christian villages. The MFS aims to protect Assyrian identity and secure political representation in post-war Syria. The article highlights the challenges faced by Assyrians, an ethnic minority, in asserting their identity and rights amidst the Syrian civil war.

Yazidi militia force, the Sinjar Resistance Units (YBS), comprising 600 fighters, has emerged on Mount Sinjar as a response to the displacement of hundreds of thousands of Yazidis by ISIL. The YBS, supported by the Yazidi Democratic Movement (TEVDA), is seen as a step towards Yazidi autonomy and self-protection, especially after the withdrawal of Kurdish Peshmerga forces. The Yazidis, who have faced severe persecution by ISIL, are now organizing their own defence and considering the establishment of an autonomous region. The YBS trains with the YPG and PKK, and its presence signifies a shift in the Yazidi community's relationship with the Kurds and their desire for self-governance.

The Yazidi community in Sinjar, Iraq, has formed the Sinjar Resistance Units (YBS) to defend themselves against ISIL after being abandoned by Kurdish Peshmerga forces. The YBS, supported by the Yazidi Democratic Movement (TEVDA), trains with Kurdish militias YPG and PKK. The movement for an autonomous Yazidi region has gained traction, with many Yazidis feeling distanced from the Kurds. The YBS is seen as a crucial step towards self-defense and autonomy for the Yazidi people.

Yazidis on Mount Sinjar, Iraq, have formed the Sinjar Resistance Units (YBS) to defend their homeland against ISIS, who captured the city of Sinjar six months prior, leading to a UN-declared attempted genocide. The YBS, trained by the YPG and PKK, are part of a displaced community that has resisted leaving the mountain. Political leaders among the Yazidis are considering the creation of an autonomous region, with the YBS as its defense force. The Yazidis' history of persecution and the recent abandonment by Peshmerga troops have fueled their desire for self-protection. Despite the ongoing conflict, there is a sense of hope and purpose among the Yazidis for a return to normalcy and self-governance.

Fayez Farouz, a Yazidi man, survived an Islamic State massacre by playing dead among the bodies of executed men. He recounts the harrowing experience of fleeing Sinjar, being captured, and witnessing the murder of his father and younger brother. Farouz's story highlights the brutality of the Islamic State and the ongoing persecution of Yazidis. Despite the trauma, he holds onto hope for reuniting with his enslaved and imprisoned family members.

The Islamic State (IS) has targeted the Yazidi population, capturing and enslaving an estimated 5,000 Yazidi women. Nawroz, an 18-year-old Yazidi woman, was one of those captured and subjected to horrific abuse. However, she was eventually rescued through the efforts of Khalif and Mardini, two Muslim Kurds from Sinjar, who have developed a network to smuggle individuals out of IS territory. Despite the dangers and the high cost of these rescue operations, Khalif and Mardini have successfully rescued 151 people, with plans to continue their mission. Nawroz's harrowing story highlights the brutality of IS and the resilience of those working to reunite broken families.

In al-Hasakah province, Syria, the fight against ISIS has united diverse religious and ethnic groups, including the Assyrian Military Council and the Kurdish YPG. Saed Jabar, a Syrian Arab Muslim, fights alongside Assyrian Christians to protect their land from ISIS. The cooperation between these groups aims to build an inclusive democracy in the Rojava region, countering the sectarian divisions promoted by ISIS and the Nusra Front. Leaders like Johan Coser and Redur Xelil emphasize the importance of unity and shared defense to stabilize the region.

Mohammed Abu Mustafa, a café owner in Akçakale, Turkey, is involved in smuggling individuals across the Turkey-Syria border into ISIS-controlled territories. He openly supports ISIS and facilitates the movement of prospective recruits, charging $150 for entry and $300 for exit. Abu Mustafa's operations are conducted with apparent impunity, as Turkish border guards do not interfere. He emphasizes that his smuggling activities are not solely for profit but also to support ISIS. The article highlights the ongoing issue of border smuggling and the complexities of local support for ISIS.

Adeba Jowla, a Yazidi woman, suffers from untreated bullet wounds in a makeshift shelter in Dohuk, Iraq, where over 60 Yazidi families have sought refuge. The Yazidis fled their homes due to Islamic State attacks, enduring severe hardships. Despite initial media attention and U.S. intervention, substantial aid has not materialized. The United Nations and UNHCR face criticism for inadequate resources and poor coordination, leaving many refugees without essential supplies. As winter approaches, the refugees fear the worsening conditions without proper shelter and aid.

Syrian refugees, including children like Ibrahim and Ahmad Khader, are struggling to survive on the streets of Istanbul, often resorting to street cleaning and begging. The influx of over a million Syrians into Turkey has led to a humanitarian crisis, with many families living in dire conditions. Refugees face challenges such as lack of work, harassment by police, and the impending harsh winter. Despite fleeing war-torn Syria, including cities like Aleppo and Kobane, the refugees find little respite in Istanbul, highlighting the severe and ongoing refugee crisis.

Yazidi refugees who escaped ISIS atrocities in Sinjar now face dire living conditions in Dohuk, Iraq. Families, including Maheza Hadida and Fared Saidi, live in half-constructed buildings with limited access to food, water, and medical supplies. Despite initial media attention, they feel abandoned by international aid organizations, including the United Nations. The refugees' situation remains critical, with winter approaching and no adequate shelter or resources in sight.

Fahid Aziz Rasoul and other volunteers in Makhmour, Iraq, have taken up arms to defend their town against the Islamic State. After the militants briefly captured Makhmour, the local militia, with the help of U.S. airstrikes and the Kurdish Peshmerga, managed to reclaim it. The volunteers, lacking military experience and sophisticated weaponry, continue to guard the town, awaiting further instructions to push back the jihadists. The article highlights the resilience and determination of the Kurdish fighters, their gratitude towards U.S. support, and their commitment to protecting their homeland.

In Makhmour, Iraq, local volunteers, including former carpenters like Fahid Aziz Rasoul, have taken up arms to defend their town against the Islamic State. After the militants briefly captured Makhmour, the Kurdish Peshmerga, aided by U.S. airstrikes, reclaimed the town. The volunteers, lacking formal military experience, now work alongside the Peshmerga to protect their community. Despite limited weaponry, they remain determined to prevent further Islamic State advances. The article highlights the resilience and unity of the Kurdish fighters, who express gratitude for U.S. support while emphasizing their role in combating the militants.

Mohammed Abu Ali, a clockmaker from Makhmour, unknowingly slept through the Islamic State's takeover of his town. Upon waking, he discovered the town abandoned and under militant control. After a tense encounter with Islamic State fighters, he was allowed to return home. Two days later, Kurdish peshmerga forces reclaimed the town, bringing relief to Abu Ali. The article highlights the resilience of the Kurdish people and their ongoing conflict with the Islamic State.